Term
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Definition
| large, blunt, irregular surface |
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Term
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Definition
bones of the upper and lower limbs, shoulder, and hip
locomotion and to manipulate environment |
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Term
§Calcification of cartilage
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Definition
during normal bone growth and during old age
calcium salts maybe deposited in the matrix and cause it to harden |
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Term
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Definition
§Expanded ends of long bones
§Exterior is compact bone, and the interior is spongy bone: trabeculae (“little beams”)
§Joint surface is covered with articular (hyaline) cartilage
§Epiphyseal line separates the diaphysis from the |
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Term
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Definition
thin, flattened, and a bit curved
contains spongy bone called diploe
sternum, scapulae, ribs, and most skull bones |
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Term
§Haversian system, or osteon – the structural unit of compact bone |
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Definition
§Lamella – weight-bearing, column-like matrix tubes composed mainly of collagen
§Haversian, or central canal – central channel containing blood vessels and nerves
§Volkmann’s canals – channels lying at right angles to the central canal, connecting blood and nerve supply of the periosteum to that of the Haversian canal |
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Term
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Definition
– bones with complicated shapes
vertebrae and hip bones |
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Term
§Osteogenesis and ossification – |
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Definition
the process of bone tissue formation, which leads to:
§The formation of the bony skeleton in embryos
§Bone growth until early adulthood
§Bone thickness, remodeling, and repair |
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Term
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Definition
§Group of diseases in which bone reabsorption outpaces bone deposit
§Spongy bone of the spine is most vulnerable
§Occurs most often in postmenopausal women
§Bones become so fragile that sneezing or stepping off a curb can cause fractures |
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Term
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Definition
cube shaped bones
wrist and ankle
§Bones that form within tendons (e.g., patella). seasamoid bones |
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Term
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Definition
| raised area above a condyle |
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Term
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Definition
| smooth, nearly flat articular surface |
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Term
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Definition
| narrow, slit-like opening |
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Term
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Definition
| – round or oval opening through a bone |
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Term
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Definition
| shallow basinlike depression |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| sharp, slender projection |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
– bones of the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage
most involved in protecting supporting and carrying other body parts |
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Term
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Definition
§Occurs where bone is injured or added strength is needed
§Requires a diet rich in protein, vitamins C, D, and A, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and manganese
§Alkaline phosphatase is essential for mineralization of bone |
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Term
Bone Markings:
§Bulges, depressions, and holes that serve as: |
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Definition
§Sites of attachment for muscles, ligaments, and tendons
§Joint surfaces
§allows passage of blood vessels and nerves |
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Term
Bone Markings: Depressions and Openings
meatus |
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Definition
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Term
Bone Markings: Projections –
Projections That Help to Form Joints
§Head
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Definition
– bony expansion carried on a narrow neck
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Term
Bone Markings: Projections –
Sites of Muscle and Ligament Attachment |
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Definition
§Tuberosity – rounded projection
§Crest – narrow, prominent ridge of bone
§Trochanter – large, blunt, irregular surface
§Line – narrow ridge of bone |
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Term
Bone Markings: Projections –
Sites of Muscle and Ligament Attachment
Tubercle
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| narrow, prominennt ridge of bone |
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Term
| Importance of Ionic Calcium in the Body |
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Definition
§necessary for:
§Transmission of nerve impulses
§Muscle contraction
§Blood coagulation
§Secretion by glands and nerve cells
§Cell division |
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Term
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Definition
| lacunae-bound chondrocytes inside the cartilage divide and secrete new matrix, expanding the cartilage from within |
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Term
| Structure of Short, Irregular, and Flat Bones |
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Definition
§Thin plates of periosteum-covered compact bone on the outside with endosteum-covered spongy bone: diploë (“folded”) on the inside
§Have no diaphysis or epiphyses
§Contain bone marrow between the trabeculae |
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Term
Types of Bone Fractures
complete |
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Definition
| bone is broken all the way through |
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Term
Types of Bone Fractures
compound |
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Definition
| (open)- bone ends penetrate the skin |
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Term
Types of Bone Fractures
compression |
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Definition
| bone is crushed; common in porous bones |
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Term
Types of Bone Fractures
depressed |
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Definition
broken bone portion pressed inward; typical skull fracture |
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Term
Types of Bone Fractures
epiphyseal |
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Definition
epiphysis separates from diaphysis along epiphyseal line; occurs where cartilage cells are dying
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Term
Types of Bone Fractures
incomplete |
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Definition
| bone is not broken all the way through |
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Term
Types of Bone Fractures
linear |
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Definition
| the fracture is parallel to the long axis of the bone |
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Term
Types of Bone Fractures
nondisplaced |
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Definition
| bone ends retain their normal position |
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Term
Types of Bone Fractures
simple (closed) |
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Definition
| bone ends do not penetrate the skin |
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Term
Types of Bone Fractures
displaced |
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Definition
| bone ends are out of normal alignment |
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Term
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Definition
| the articulating bone ends are connected by a plate or pad of cartilage |
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Term
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Definition
§Tubular shaft that forms the axis of long bones
§Composed of compact bone that surrounds the medullary cavity
§Yellow bone marrow (fat) is contained in the medullary cavity |
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Term
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Definition
| deficits of growth hormone or thyroid hormone produce characteristic types of |
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Definition
§contains elastic fibers
§Found in the external ear and the epiglottis |
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Term
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Definition
| the bones are joined together by fibrous tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| the irregular edges of the bones interlock and are united by very short connective tissue fibers, as in most joints of the skull |
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Term
functions of the bones:
§Mineral storage |
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Definition
reservoir for minerals, especially calcium and phosphorus
the stored minerals are released into the bloodstream as needed for distrubution to all parts of the body |
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Term
functions of the bones:
§Movement |
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Definition
skeletal muscles, which act attach to bones by tendons, use bones as levers to move the body and its parts.
as a result we can walk breathe and grasp objects |
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Term
functions of the bones:
§Protection – |
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Definition
provide a protective case for the brain, spinal cord, and vital organs
ex: the ribcage help protect the vital organs of the rib cage |
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Term
functions of the bones:
triglygerides |
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Definition
| fat is stored in the bone cavities and represents a source of stored energy for the body |
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Term
| functions of the bones: support |
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Definition
form the framework that supports the body and cradles soft organs
ex: bones of the lower limbs act as pillars to support the body trunk when we stand |
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Term
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Definition
| hypersecretion of growth hormone in children results in excessive height |
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Term
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Definition
§Bones are inadequately mineralized causing softened, weakened bones
§Main symptom is pain when weight is put on the affected bone
§Caused by insufficient calcium in the diet, or by vitamin D deficiency |
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Term
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Definition
ex:
§Tuberosity – rounded projection
§Crest – narrow, prominent ridge of bone
§Trochanter – large, blunt, irregular surface
§Line – narrow ridge of bone
§Tubercle – small rounded projection
§Epicondyle – raised area above a condyle
§Spine – sharp, slender projection
§Process – any bony prominence
§Head – bony expansion carried on a narrow neck
§Facet – smooth, nearly flat articular surface
§Condyle – rounded articular projection
Ramus – armlike bar of bone
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Term
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Definition
§Bulges, depressions, and holes that serve as:
§Sites of attachment for muscles, ligaments, and tendons
§Joint surfaces
§Conduits for blood vessels and nerves |
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Term
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Definition
§Bones of children are inadequately mineralized causing softened, weakened bones
§Bowed legs and deformities of the pelvis, skull, and rib cage are common
§Caused by insufficient calcium in the diet, or by vitamin D deficiency |
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Term
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Definition
| internal honey comb of trabeculae filled w/ yellow bone marrow |
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Term
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Three characteristics of skeletal cartilage.
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Click to flip |
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Definition
| no vessels, no nerves, surrounded by perichondrieum |
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Term
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Definition
This is dense irregular connective tissue that resists outward expansion. |
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Term
Hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage
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Definition
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Term
| 3 types od hyaline cartilage |
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Definition
| articular, costal, respiratory, nasal |
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Term
| found on the ends of long bones |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| makes up the larynx and trachea |
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Term
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Definition
| cartilage that supports and is flexible and most abundant |
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Term
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Definition
| cells in the perichondrium secrete matrix against the external face of existing cartilage |
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Term
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Definition
| chondrocytes inside cartilage divide and secrete new matrix, expanding the cartilage from w/in |
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Term
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Definition
| acts like a girdle to resist outward expansion where the ________ contains the blood vessels from which the nutrients diffuse through the matrix to reach the cartilage cells |
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