Term
| Gestalt Theory of Perception |
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Definition
| Emphasizes how we organize incoming stimulation into meaningful patterns because of the way our brains are innately structured. |
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Definition
| A pattern that grabs our attention. |
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Definition
| The backdrop against which we percieve a figure. |
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Definition
| Supplies missing segments to fill in the gaps and makes inferences about potentially hidden objects. |
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Term
| Laws of Perceptual Groupings |
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Definition
| Laws that suggest how our brains prefer to group stimulus elements together to form a percept. |
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Definition
| We tend to group similar objects together in our perceptions. |
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Definition
| We tend to group objects together when they are near each other. |
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Definition
| We prefer perceptions of connected and continuous figures to disconnected and disjointed ones. |
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Definition
| We tend to group similar objects together that share a common motion or destination. |
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Definition
| The simplest organization, requiring the least cognitive effort, will emerge as the figure. |
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Definition
| Information taken in by both eyes that aids in depth perception. |
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Definition
| Information about depth that relies on the input of just one eye. |
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Definition
| Process by which a stimulated receptor creates a path of nueral messages that represent the stimulus to the brain. |
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Definition
| The mental process that elaborates and assigns meaning to the incoming sensory patterns. |
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Term
| neural representations of stimuli |
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Definition
| The brain creates it's own perception to represent the world. |
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Term
| Three attributes common to all senses |
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Definition
| Transduction, Sensory adaptation, and Thresholds. |
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Term
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Definition
| Changing stimulation to sensation, starts at cerebral cortex. |
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Definition
| Senses are influenced by change. |
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Definition
| Minimum amount of physical energy needed to produce sensation. |
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Definition
| Smallest physical difference between two stimuliin which the difference can still be recognized. |
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Definition
| Difference threshold proportional to intensity of stimulus. |
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Definition
| A relationship between actual and percieved magnitude of a stimulus. |
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Definition
| Fechner's law can't account for pain and temperature. |
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Definition
| Sensation depends on characteristics of the stimulus, background stimulation, and the detector. |
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Term
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Definition
| No recorded studies show that subliminal messaging works. |
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Definition
| How the nervous system detects light. |
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Definition
| Layer of light sensitive cells in the back of the eye. |
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Definition
| Absorb light energy, and creates nueral impulses |
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Definition
| Rods pick up on light, cones pick up on color. |
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Definition
| Part of the eye that gives the sharpest perception. |
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Definition
| Shuttle photoreceptors to ganglion cells. |
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Definition
| Connect to the optic nerve. |
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Definition
| How much light reaches the retina |
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Definition
| Color processing begins in the retina, realized in visual cortex. |
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Definition
| Brain only processes one color at a time. |
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Definition
| Vibrations cause sound waves. |
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Term
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Definition
| Produces purest, simplest sound. |
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Definition
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Definition
| Peak to valley height of sound wave. |
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Definition
| Hears airborne soundwaves. |
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Definition
| Channel for how waves get to inner ear. |
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Term
| Ear drum (tympanic membrance) |
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Definition
| Cause vibrations (middle ear). |
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Term
| three bones (hammer, anvil, stirrup) |
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Definition
| Pass vibrations to inner ear. |
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Term
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Definition
| Focuses vibrations to Basilar membrane. |
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Definition
| Soundwaves travel into fluid, converts to nueral messages, which travel to auditory portion of brain. |
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Definition
| Highness or lowness of sound, determined by frequency. |
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Definition
| Different frequencies activate different parts of the Basilar Membrane, sends different codes. |
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Definition
| Nuerons respond with different firing rates, determines frequency. |
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Term
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Definition
| Physical strength of amplitude, measured in decibals (Db) |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| Interference with soundwaves converting to nerve energy. |
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Term
| Nerve (sensorineural) deafness |
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Definition
| Problem with how impulses are sent to the brain. |
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Definition
| Tells us how body is positioned, how gravity is, fluid within inner ear. |
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Definition
| Keeps track of body parts, provides sense of where they are. |
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Definition
| Stimuli affects hair, sends information to olfactory bulbs. |
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Definition
| Animals release them, hormones with a smell. |
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Definition
| Based on chemisty, works with smell |
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Definition
| 5 qualities: Sweet, Sour, Bitter, Salty, Umami |
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Definition
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Definition
| Taste receptors on the toungue. |
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Definition
| Stimulated by contact with objects. |
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Definition
| Severe pain overwhelms other senses. |
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Definition
| Pain depends on reletive amount of traffic in fast fibers and slow fibers. |
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Definition
| Proposed Gate Control Theory |
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Definition
| Delivers most information to the brain |
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Definition
| Slower, but more intense. |
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Term
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Definition
| The fast fibers block the slow fibers. |
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Term
| Periaqueductal gray (PAG) |
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Definition
| Are of the brain where slow fibers get stuck. |
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Definition
| What we percieve, combination of sensation and meaning. |
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Definition
| Cells in occipital lobe, receptive of the human face. |
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Definition
| Mystery of how the brain combines multiple features into a single percept. |
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Definition
| Deterimine by stimulus features. |
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Definition
| Based on what is known to be true. |
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Definition
| "Knowing" the shape, size, color of object, no matter the environment. |
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Definition
| The process by which the brain creates a modal of internal and external experiances. |
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Definition
| The connection between mental processes and the brain. |
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Definition
| Any brain process that do not involve conscious processing. |
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Definition
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Definition
| Viewing more details in the mind. |
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| What consciousness does for us |
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Definition
| Restriction, Combination, Manipulation. |
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Definition
| Memories of events and facts that have once been the focus of attention |
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Definition
| Cognition occuring without awareness. |
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Definition
| Preparing the unconscious to give specific responses questions already asked. |
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Definition
| When attention turns inward. |
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Definition
| Physiological pattern that repeats, for most people a 25-hour cycle. |
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Definition
| Rapid Eye Movement, several minutes of dreaming, Stage II. |
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Definition
| Peeriods of sleep without mental activity, Stage I, III, IV |
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Term
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Definition
| Voluntry muscles shut down in Stage II |
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Term
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Definition
| Don't get enough REM one night, the next night you have more. |
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Term
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Definition
| Rests muscles, aids mental functions, gives dreams. |
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Term
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Definition
| Genetics, personal habits, characteristics, exersise. |
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Term
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Definition
| Not getting enough sleep. |
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Term
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Definition
| Neccisary for healty brain function, not random. |
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Definition
| Sleep has two main functions: Gaurd and Sleep. |
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Definition
| Dream's actual storyline. |
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Definition
| Symbolic meaning of a dream. |
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Term
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Definition
| REM sleep helps us remember things |
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Term
| Activation-synthesis theory |
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Definition
| Dreams begin with random electrical activity coming from the brain stem, brain's way of making sense of them. |
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Term
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Definition
| The chronic inability to sleep. |
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Definition
| Stopped breathing during the night. |
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Definition
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Definition
| Sudden daytime sleep attacks. |
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Definition
| Sudden loss of muscle control. |
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Definition
| Induced state of awareness. |
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Definition
| State of consciousness by concentrating on repetative behavior. |
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Definition
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Definition
| Perceptions that have no basis with outside stimuli or inner awareness. |
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Definition
| Profound sense of well being. |
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Definition
| Inhibits transmission of nerve impulses in CNS |
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Definition
| Arouse CNS, speeds up processes |
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Term
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Definition
| Reduced effectiveness of a drug after repeated use. |
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Term
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Definition
| The body adjusting to, and needing a drug to function. |
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Definition
| Continues to use the drug despite adverse effects. |
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Definition
| Pattern of uncomfertable or painful physical symptoms or cravings experianced when the level of the drug is decreased or the drug is eliminated. |
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Term
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Definition
| Desire to obtain or use a drug even without a physical addiction. |
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Definition
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Definition
| Learn a preference to a stimuli to which one has been previously exposed |
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Definition
| Observed learning by observing behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| Behavioral learning in which something that was a previously nuetral stimulus, obtains power to illicit reflex produced by another stimulus. |
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Term
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Definition
| Got dogs to salivate at sound of bell. |
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Definition
| Action without consciousness. |
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Definition
| A stimulus with an automatic reflexive responce. |
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Definition
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Definition
| A nuetral stimulus, comes to illicit conditional response |
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Term
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Definition
| Response previously associated with the unconditional stimulus, and is now associated with the conditional stimulus. |
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Term
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Definition
| Any stimulus that doesn't illicit a conditioned response, but can be taught to. |
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Term
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Definition
| Initial learning stage, learn to associate nuetral stimulus with unconditioned stimulus. |
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Term
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Definition
| The loss of a conditioned response |
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Definition
| Reappearance of conditioned response after period of time. |
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Definition
| Similar stimuli generate same response. |
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Definition
| no response to similar stimuli. |
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Definition
| Pattern of erratic behavior resulting from a demanding dicrimination learning task, typically one that involves aversive stimuli. |
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Definition
| Behavioral learning in which the probability of a response is changed by it's consiquinces. |
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Term
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Definition
| Response that produce desirable results are learned more inately. |
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Definition
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Definition
| Developed operrent conditioning. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| "skinner box" box-like apparatus designed to deliver reinforcers and punishers for animal behaviors. |
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Definition
| When a new behavior is produced by reinforcing behaviors similar to those that are desired. |
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Definition
| A condition involving either the presentation or removal of a stimulus that strengthens a response. |
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Definition
| Adding something to reinforce a behavior. |
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Definition
| A more preferred activity can be used to promote a less preferred activity. |
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Definition
| Developed the Premack Principle. |
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Definition
| Removal of unpleasent or aversive stimulus that strengthens a response. |
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Definition
| A aversive stimulus that diminishes the strength of a response. |
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Definition
| Application of aversive stimulus after a response. |
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Definition
| Removal of stimulus after a response. |
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Term
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Definition
| Every respnse gets reinforced. |
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Term
| Intermittent reinforcement |
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Definition
| Some, but not all responces get reinforced. |
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Term
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Definition
| Reinforcers with an innate basis because of their biological value. |
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Definition
| "secondary reinforcers" Any reinforcer that has meaning that is learned. |
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Term
| Schedules of Reinforcement |
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Definition
| Any set program that specifies frecuency and timing of reinforcement. |
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Definition
| Reinforcement depending on number of correct responses. |
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Definition
| Reinforcement depending on a time interval elapsed since last reinforcement. |
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Definition
| Reinforcement based on unvarying number of responses. |
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Definition
| Learn after one experiance to avoid food with a certain taste when eating is followed by illness. |
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Definition
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Definition
| Mental representation of physical space (learning without reinforcement) |
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Definition
| Introduced cognitive maps. |
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Term
| Social Learning (a.k.a. Observational Learning) |
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Definition
| Learning by watching others. |
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Definition
| Developed social learning theories. |
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Term
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Definition
| Little research has been done, so be skeptical. |
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