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| height above sea level on Earth's surface |
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| feature of topography formed by the process that shape Earth's surface |
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| the difference in elevation between the highest and lowest parts of an area |
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| distance in degress north or south of the equator |
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| distance in degress east or west from the prime meridian |
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| connects points of equal elevation on a map |
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| the change in elevation from contour line to contour line |
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| the repeating pattern of a mineral's particlesthat form a solid |
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| a mineral's color of its powder |
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| how a mineral reflects light from the surface |
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| a mineral that splits easily along a flat surface |
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| this scale ranks minerals from 1-10, softest to hardest |
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| a naturally occuring inorganic solid that has a crystal structureand a definite chemical composition |
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| describes how a mineral parts when it parts in an irregular way |
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| the mass in a given space, or mass volume per unit |
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| molten material from the mantle that hardens to form rock |
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| is magma that reaches the surface |
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| a solid mixture of two or more metals |
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| made up of particles of minerals or other rocks |
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| forms from the cooling of molten rock- ethier magma below the surface or lava at the surface |
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| forms when particles of other rocks orthe remains of plants and animals are pressed and cemented to gether |
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| formed when an existing rock is changed by heat, pressure, or chemical reactions |
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| igneous rock formed from lava that erupted onto Earht's surface |
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| igneous rock that formed when magma hardened beneath Earth's surface |
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| the size, shape, and pattern of a rock's grains |
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occurs when running wateror windlossenand carry away the fragments of rock |
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| the process by which sediment settles out of the water or wind carrying it |
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| metamorphic rocks that have their grains arranged in paralel layers or bands |
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| the uppermost part of the mantle and the crust together form a rigid layer |
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| is a soft, tar-like layer below the lithosphere |
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| layer of rock that forms Earth's outer skin |
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| a layer of hot rock below the boundary |
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| layer of molten metal that surronds the inner core |
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| dense ball of solid metal- extreme pressures squeezes the atoms of iron and nickel so much that they cannot spread out |
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| the movement of energy from a warmer object to a cooler object |
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| the transfer of energy through empty space |
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| heat transferby directcontac of particles of matter |
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| heat tran by the movement of heatd fluid |
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| material that is formed from the elements oxygen and silicon; found in magma |
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| what the continents were called when they were all together |
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| the longest chain of mountains in the world in the East Pacific Ridge |
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| the process by which the ocean floor sinks beneath a deep-ocean trench and back into the mantle |
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| the parts in which the lithosphere is broken into |
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| the geological theory that states that pieces of Earth's lithosphere are in constant, slow motion, driven by convection currents in the mantle |
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| breaks in Earth's crustwhere rocks have slipped past each other |
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| a deep valley that forms along the divergent boundary |
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| the place where two plates move apart, or diverge |
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| the place where two plates come together, or converge |
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| place where two plates slip past each other, moving in opposite directions |
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| the shaking and trembling that results from the movement of Earth's plate |
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| a force that acts on rock to change its shape or volume |
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| the stress force that squeezes rock until it folds or breaks |
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| the stress force that pulls on the crust, stretching rock so that it becomes thinner in the middle |
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| the stress force that pushes rock in two opposite directions |
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| the point beneath Earth's surface where rock that is under stress breaks |
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| the point on the surface directly above the focus |
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| vibrations that travel through Earth carrying the energy realesed during an earthquake |
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| occurs when an earthquakes viloent shaking suddenly turns loose, soft soil into liquid mud |
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| weak spot in the crust where molten material, or magma, comes to the surface |
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| a molten mixture of rock-forming substances, gases and water vapor from the mantle |
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formed by the many volcanos that rim the Pacific Ocean |
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| resulting volcanos that create a string of islands |
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| occurs when an explosive eruption hurls out ash, cinders, and bombs as well as gases |
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| water heated by magma that provides a clean, realible energy source |
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a wide, gently sloping mountain formed by thin layers of lava |
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| a steep, cone, shaped hill or mountain formed by ash, cinders, and bombs piled up around the vent |
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| tall, cone-shaped mountainsin which layers of lava alternate with layers of ash |
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forms when a body of magma cools inside the crust |
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| the process that breaks down rock and other substances |
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| the movement of rock particles by the wind,water,ice, or gravity |
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| the solid layer of rock beneath the soil |
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| a soil that is a mixture of hums, clay, and other minerals |
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| refers to the grinding away fo rock by rock particles carried by ice, water, wind, or gravitiy |
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| the advance of desertlike conditions into areas that previously were fertile |
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| all the remaining water that moves over Earth's surface |
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a stream that flows into a larger stream |
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| a wide, sloping deposit of sediment formed where a stream leaves a mountain range |
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| the flat, wide area of land along a river |
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| a looplike bend in the course in a river |
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| sediment deposited where a river flows into an ocean or lake |
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| any large mass of ice that moves slowly over land |
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| the till deposited at the edges of a glacier forms a ridge |
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| an area of wave-washed sediment along a coast |
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| when repeated waves hit the beach, some of the beach sediment moves down the beach with the current |
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| the process by which wind removes surface materials |
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| the layer of gases that surronds the planet |
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| the result of the weight of a column of air pushing down on an area |
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| where Earth's weather occurs |
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| the ozone layer asorbs ultraviolet radiation |
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| most meteroids burn up here, creating meteor trails |
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| it extends from Earth and outward to space, it has no definite limit |
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| ions in here reflect radio waves back to Earth |
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