Term
|
Definition
1) Sympathetic ganglia
2) Parasympathetic ganglia
3) Adrenal medulla
4) Skeletal muscle
5) GI smooth muscle |
|
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Term
|
Definition
1) Decrease EP release from the adrenal medulla
2) Decrease NE release from postganglionic sympathetic nerve terminals |
|
|
Term
| At rest ganglionic blockade will result in which of the following results? |
|
Definition
1) Mydriasis
2) Tachycardia
3) Bronchial dilatation
4) Constipation
5) Decreased salivation |
|
|
Term
| Agent X causes diarrhea in a laboratory rat. Plasma levels of acetylcholine (ACh) are elevated. Which of the following would be a LIKELY mechanism of action of Agent X? |
|
Definition
| Decreased breakdown of ACh by AChesterase inhibitor |
|
|
Term
| What us rate limiting in ACh synthesis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| AChesterase breaks down ACh into what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is true concerning AChesterase inhibitors? |
|
Definition
1) To be effective, ACh needs to be present
2) Can be short, intermediate, or long acting
3) Can cause miosis
4) Treatment of overdose could include a muscarinic receptor antagonist |
|
|
Term
| What type of AChesterase Inhibitor binds to active site but no covalent bond formation (not hydrolyzed); (FYI:edrophonium: diagnosis of myasthenia gravis)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of AChesterase Inhibitor has covalent bond formation and then bond hydrolyzed- carbamates; (FYI: neostigmine, pyridostigmine, physostigmine)? |
|
Definition
| Intermediate reversible rate |
|
|
Term
| What type of AChesterase Inhibitor has non-hydrolysable covalent bond-organosphosphate: (FYI: echothiophate; wide angle glaucoma)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two ways to reverse effects of an AChesterase inhibitor? |
|
Definition
1) Block the effects of ACh at the muscarinic receptors
2) Regenerate active AChesterase (remove the inhibition due to organophosphate exposure) |
|
|
Term
| What drug will block the effects of ACh at the muscarinic receptors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is true concerning muscarinic receptor agonists? |
|
Definition
1) Muscarinic effects can result from plant/fungal ingestion
2) Can be chemically synthesized "choline esters"
3) Can cause lacrimation |
|
|
Term
| What are some characteristics of muscarinic antagonists? |
|
Definition
-Anti-muscarinic effects can result from plan ingestion (alkaloids)
-Symptoms can include hot as a hare, blind as a bat, dry as a bone, red as a beet, mad as a hatter
-effects can be mimicked by antihistamines |
|
|
Term
| What are the sites of action for Nicotine (ganglionic stimulation)? |
|
Definition
Ganglia of both sympathetic and parasympathetic
Adrenal medulla
Skeletal muscles
Chemoreceptors
Baroreceptors |
|
|
Term
| Nicotine is dose-dependent, what happens with a low dose? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nicotine is dose-dependent, what happens with a high dose? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What causes this...
Central and Peripheral Effects
Nausea, vomiting, mental confusion
Diarrhea, salivation, sweating
Fluctuations in blood pressure & heart rate
Weakness of peripheral muscles
Difficulty breathing
Hypotension (severe cases) |
|
Definition
| Nicotine higher dose such as in Green Tobacco Sickness |
|
|
Term
| Inhibition of tyrosine hydroxylase would decrease the formation of what? |
|
Definition
1) DOPA
2) Dopamine
3) NE
4) EP |
|
|
Term
| The mechanism for termination of the action of NE released from the postgnaglionic sympathetic neuroeffector junction is? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some drugs that inhibit the reuptake of NE into the nerve terminal? |
|
Definition
-Imipramine "tricyclic" antidepressant
-Cocaine: central stimulant |
|
|
Term
| What is the of Tyramine with concomitant MAO inhibition? |
|
Definition
-decreased NE breakdown in nerve terminal
-decreased tyramine breakdown in nerve terminal
-increased circulating tyramine due to less MAO metabolism in intestinal mucosa and liver
-OVERALL: increased NE release by tyramine in presence of MAO inhibitor can lead to elevated BP |
|
|
Term
| What is extracted from root of Rauwolfia and depletes vesicles of NE |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the order of receptivity to NE, EP, and ISO(Isoproterenol in alpha 1 and 2 receptors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the order of receptivity to NE, EP, and ISO(Isoproterenol to ß1 receptors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the order of receptivity to NE, EP, and ISO(Isoproterenol ß2 receptors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the receptors on the SA node? |
|
Definition
ß1-major receptor
ß2- minor receptor
M- Parasympathetic effects |
|
|
Term
| What are the receptors on Vascular smooth muscle and what is the effect of each one? |
|
Definition
alpha 1- constriction
Beta 2- relaxation |
|
|
Term
| If you give a person NE, what will be the expected effect on Vascular smooth muscle? |
|
Definition
| Will bind to alpha 1 more favorably since greater potency will affect this, so will have constriction |
|
|
Term
| If you give a person ISO, what will be the expected effect on Vascular smooth muscle? |
|
Definition
| Will bind to ß2 more favorably, so will have relaxation of the smooth muscle |
|
|
Term
| If you give a person EP, what will be the expected effect on Vascular smooth muscle? |
|
Definition
Response depends on:
-Dose of EP (higher potency at ß than a)
-Relative number of ß vs a receptors |
|
|
Term
| Sympathetic and Parasympathetic are what type of terms? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Adrenergic (catecholamines) and Cholinergic (ACh) refer to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Adrenergic receptors are named? |
|
Definition
| Alpha (1,2, etc) and Beta (1,2, etc) |
|
|
Term
| Cholinergic receptors are named? |
|
Definition
| Muscarinic (M1, M2, etc) or Nicotinic (Nn, Nm, Ng, etc) |
|
|
Term
| The ANS has how many neurons in the path from the CNS to target organ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The SNS has how many neurons in the path from the CNS to target? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In terms of ganglionic blockade, what tissues are predominately under parasympathetic (cholinergic) tone? |
|
Definition
| Myocardium- SA node- if inhibited Tachycardia |
|
|
Term
| In terms of ganglionic blockade, what tissues are predominately under sympathetic (adrenergic) tone? |
|
Definition
| Myocardium- ventricles- if inhibited will have decrease in contractile force |
|
|
Term
| Heart output is mainly controlled by? |
|
Definition
| Sympathetic tone largely ß1 |
|
|
Term
| ß1 agonist has what effect? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ß1 antagonist has what effect? |
|
Definition
| Prevent increase in heart output by ß1 agonists |
|
|
Term
| Airways are mostly controlled by what? |
|
Definition
| sympathetic tone largely ß2 |
|
|
Term
| ß2 agonist has what effect? |
|
Definition
| Dilate airways, decrease resistance |
|
|
Term
| ß2 antagonist has what effect? |
|
Definition
| Constrict airways, increase resistance |
|
|
Term
| Blood vessels are largely controlled by? |
|
Definition
| sympathetic tone largely alpha1(varies between vascular beds) |
|
|
Term
| Alpha1 agonist has what effect? |
|
Definition
| constrict vessels, increase BP |
|
|
Term
| Alpha1 antagonist has what effect? |
|
Definition
| Dilate blood vessels, decrease BP |
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