Term
| Broad spectrum: anerobic gram positive and gram negative organisms + aerobic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Excellent activity vs. Haemophilus influenze, Neisseria meningitids, and Bacteroides |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Not active vs. Chlamydia (except for Chlamydia psittaci, psittacosis) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| bactericidial or bacteriostastic depending on organism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Back up agent for:
Bacteriodies
Chlamydia psittaci
Ricketssia (RMSF and typhus fever) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Third line agent:
Meningitis (Haemophilus influenze, Neisseria meningitidis, Strep pneumo, Campylobacter fetus)
-pts w/ life treatening allergies to B lactams
-meningitis due to B lactam resistant strains |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| empirical therapy for bacterial meningitis and enchepalitis in children (1 month to 15 years ) in combo w/ ampicillin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| chloramphenicol is combined w/ this for empirical therapy of bacterial meningitis and enchephalitis in children (1 month to 15 years) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Indicated for severe Salmonella infections (typhoid fever and bactgeremia)
-cholera
-brucellosis
-Tularemia
-Plague |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
resistance is plasmid mediated
-forming of inactivatig acetyl transferases
-prevents agent entering microorganism (foundation of multidrug resistance) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
easily traverses placental and blood brain barrier entering CSF
extensively distributed throughout tissues (brain may = serum []) |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| hepatic mixed function oxidases are inhibited |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
glucuronidated in liver
glucuronide is secreted by renal tubules
*small amount of parent drug eliminated through glomerular filtration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| candida overgrowth may develop on mucous membranes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| bone marrow disturbances, hypersensitivity reactions (gray baby), GI upsets |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
inhibits metabolism of
warfarin
phenytonin
coumarin
tolbutamide
chlorpropamide
by inhibiting certain hepatic mixed function oxidases
can increase serum levels leading to potentiation of actions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| binds to site on 50s ribosome inhibiting translocation steps of protein synthesis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
aerobes: only active vs gram +
anaerobes: gram neg and gram positive |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Primary treatment infections due to anerobic bacteria (Bacteroides fragilis) freq. asoc. w/ abdominal infections due to trauma |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| treatment for certain infections (skin, oral, soft tissue) causes by susceptible strains of streptococi, staphylococci, pneumococci that are resistant to less toxic agents |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| good activity vs certain protozoal infections like Pneumocystis jiroveci, toxoplasma gondii, and BABESIA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| First line for bacteroides (along w/ cefoxitin) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| First line for fusobacterium infections |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Other indications:
-acne
-Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia (w/ primaquine)
-Gas gangrene (clos. perfringens)
-Tetanus (clostridum tetani)
-RTIs (strep pneumo) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Indicated in refractory bone infections |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| reccomended for prophylaxis of endocarditis in pts w/ valvular disease that are penicillin allergic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| C diff exhibits intrinsic resistance to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Three mechanisms contribute to resistance:
1) incresased efflux/decreased perm
2) Decreased affinity for target site
3) enzymatic inactivation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
well absorbed by topical, oral, or IV
well distributed in all body fluids but CSF
-penetrates bone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
extensively oxidized to inactive produts by liver
exreted to bile eliminated in feces
small amounts by glomerular filtration
accumulation can occur in patietns with EITHER RENAL or HEPATIC FAILURE |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
-skin rashes
-impaired hepatic function
-PM colitis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| topical antibacterial agent as ointment, cream, or intranasal. Primarily employed for treatment of G+ infections including MRSA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| inhibits bacterial protein synthesis via unique mechanism of action no cross resistance. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| REVRSIBLY inhibits bacterial isoleucyl tranfer -RNA synthetase |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bactericidal vs gram positive coci only |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Secondarily infected traumatic skin lesions and impetigo due to suscept gram positive cocci |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| eradication of nasal colonization with MRSA in patients and health care workers (intranasal application) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Rarely resistance occurs
if it does
due to altered bacterial isoleucyl tRNA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| related structurally to Aminoglycosides. Lacks amino sugars and glycosidic bonds present. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| clinically available as dihydrochloride pentahydrate for IM injection |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Active vs. many gram positive and gram negative organisms
BUT
EXCLUSIVELY as optional treatment for gonorrhea |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| resistance due to mutations w/ modifying enzyme |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| No cross resistance w/ cephalosporins, fluroquinolones, or tetracyclines |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
apidly absorbed following IM
rapidly excreted by glomerular |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Adverse:
Nasuea and vomiting, Fever, Nephrotoxicity, Anemia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is required for both purine and pyrimidine biosynthesis and for methylation reactoin of various amino acids required for cellular prolieration. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Inhibits folic acid synthesis and is classified as a folate antagonist |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| all are synthetic analogs of PABA. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bacteriostatic vs many gram positive and gram negative organisms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Bacteriostatic vs many gram positive and gram negative organisms:
strep pyo and pnemo
anthrax
proteus
e coli
klebsiella
enterobacter
haemophilus influenze
haemophilus ducreyi
salmonella/shigella
Calymmatobacterium (ganruloma inguinale)
chlamyida trachomatis
pneumocystis jiroveci
actinoyces
nocardia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
typical clinical applications
-urinary tract infections
-toxoplasmosis
-inflammatory bowel disease
-burn sepsis
-inclusion conjunctivitis
-trachoma
-pneumonia
-nocardiosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| short acting sulfonamide 6-9 hr half life |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| intermediate acting sulfonamides 10-12 hours |
|
Definition
| sulfamethoxazole and sulfadiazine |
|
|
Term
highly water soluble, reduced renal toxicity, low incidence of crystalluria
-UTIS
-no longer available as a single agent |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| otitis media (haemophilus influenzae) in children |
|
Definition
| Sulfisoxazole acetyl + erythromycin (ESP) |
|
|
Term
absorbed and excreted slower than sulfisoxazole
crystalluria from *insoluble* acetylated metabolite common
-no longer available as a single agent |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| syndergistic antimicrobial actions |
|
Definition
| Sulfamethoxazole + Trimethoprim (Bactrim, Sulfatrim) |
|
|
Term
Sulfonamide accumulates in CSF
Crystalluria from insoluble acetylated metabolite common |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
synergistic antimicrobial actions
for toxoplasmosis
folinic acid (leucovorin) to reduce bone marrow supression |
|
Definition
| Sulfadiazine + Pyrimethamine |
|
|
Term
| Oral non absorbable sulfonamide |
|
Definition
| Sulfasalazine (Azulfidine, Sulfazine) |
|
|
Term
| poorly absorbed from GI tract |
|
Definition
| Sulfasalazine (Azulfidine, Sulfazine) |
|
|
Term
| Degraded by intestinal bacteria to sulfapyridine (an active sulfonamide) and 5-aminosalicylate (anti inflammatory agent), which accumulates in feces for management of IBD |
|
Definition
| Sulfasalazine (Azulfidine, Sulfazine) |
|
|
Term
| treats ulcerative colitis, granulomatous colitis, regional enteritis, management of IBD |
|
Definition
| Sulfasalazine (Azulfidine, Sulfazine) |
|
|
Term
| Toxicity includes hemolysis, agranulocytosis,and skin rash |
|
Definition
| Sulfasalazine (Azulfidine, Sulfazine) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sulfacetamide (Bleph-10, Ovace) and Silver sulfadiazine (Silvadene) |
|
|
Term
Topically for ocular infections
acne
susceptible bacterial skin infections |
|
Definition
| Sulfacetamide (Bleph-10, Ovace) |
|
|
Term
Topically for preventing burn infections
Adverse effects include allergic reactions, burning, itching |
|
Definition
| Silver sulfadiazine (Silvadene) |
|
|
Term
Resistance:
plasmid transfers/random mutations
4 ways:
1) altered target protein: DHPS
2) decreased perm
3) enzymatic inactivation
4) increased synthesis of PABA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cross resistance exists among the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
most sulfonamides have excellent oral bioavailablility except for ___
administered orally or as suppository |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
well distributed in body fluids, concentrates in urine
transverses placental barrier, enters breast milk
highly bound to serum albumin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| acetylated in liver to inactive metabolites |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| degraded to sulfapyridine and 5-aminosalicylate by intestinal microbes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Parent drug and metabolites are excreted by glomerular filtration
Accumulation in presence of depressed kidney function |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| can precipitate in urinary tract at acidic pH resulting in crystalluria and nephrotoxicity. Can be prevfented by adequate hydration and urine alkalinzation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| drug fever, dermatitis, skin rashes, Stevens-Johnson syndrome |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cross reactivity with acetazolamide, thiazides, furosemide, bumetanide, diazoxide, sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agents |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hemolytic anemia in patietns w/ G6PD deficiency |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| adverse effect arises in newborns since sulfonamides may supplant bilirubin from serum albumin leading to bilirubin in the CNS |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| May potentiate effects of certain drugs: tolbutamide, warfarin, bishydroxycoumarin, methotrexate) by displacing from serum albumin binding sites |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| contraindicated in newborns and infants (under 2 months), as well as in pregnant females at term because of risk of kernicterus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| folate antimetabolite has antibacterial spectrum comparable to sulfomamides. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Usually formulated with sulfamethoxazole |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| available in combination with polymyxin B (Polytrim) for topical treatment of external infections of eye |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| analog of dihydrofolic acid and selective inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| bacterial DHR has greater affinity for this than mammialian DHR |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Comparable to spectrum of sulfamethoxazole (20-50 times more potent) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
UTIs
Bacterial prostatitis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Staph aureus/epidermidis
Strep viridans/Pneumo
Haemophilus influenze
Pseudomonas aeruginosa |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Resistance is only due to altered target site (gram negative bacteria) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| HIgher levels reached in prostatic and vaginal fluids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Demethylated in liver
Parent drug metabolite excreted in urine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Consequences of folate deficiency:
megaloblastic anemia
Leukopenia
Granulocytopenia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Consequences of folate deficiency:
megaloblastic anemia
Leukopenia
Granulocytopenia
- reversed by concurrent administration of ____? |
|
Definition
| folinic acid (leucovorin) |
|
|
Term
RTIs (Strep pneumo, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis)
Gastroenteritis (Salmonella and shigella) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| -first line agent for otitis sinusitis and pneumonia due to Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| First line agent for infections due to Enterobacter |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Prostate infections
lymphogranuloma venerum due to chlamyida trachomatis
Brucellosis due to Brucella
Cholera due to vibrio cholerae
Granuloma inguinale due to Calymmatobacterium
Legionella pneumophila
Listeria infections (meningitis and bacteremia) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| First line agent for chancroid due to Haemophilus ducreyi |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| DOC for Nocardia infections |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| DOC for pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| given orally can be given IV to patients w/ pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia or those who cant take orally |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Well distributed;
trimethoprim accumulates i nprostatic and vaginal fluids
parent compounds and metabolites eliminated in urine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| HIV infected invidiuals w/ Pneumocystis jiroveci often have hypersensitivity reactions, GI upset, nad pancytopenia when treated w/ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
patients taking warfarin have increased prothrombin times
metabolism of phenytoin inhibited
sulfamethoxazole may increase methotrexate serum concentrations |
|
Definition
|
|
