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| the last imperial dynasty of China (from 1644 to 1912) which was overthrown by revolutionaries; during the Qing dynasty China was ruled by the Manchu; the last emperor was Puyi |
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| the last emperor of the Manchu Dynasty |
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| was a Chinese revolutionary and political leader often referred to as the Father of Modern China; He was the first provisional president when the Republic of China (ROC) was founded in 1912 and later co-founded the Kuomintang (KMT) where he served as its first leader |
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| Sun Yat-Sen created them; Nationalism, Democracy, and Livelihood |
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| translated as the Chinese Nationalist Party, is the ruling political party of the Republic of China; founded by Sun Yat-Sen |
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| was a Chinese military official and politician during the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China; He is known in Chinese history for his authoritarian control based on military dictatorship; was the official emperor of the Republic of China for several months |
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| was an anti-imperialist, cultural, and political movement in early modern China; The movement grew out of dissatisfaction with the Treaty of Versailles settlement; ran by students in Beijing; Caused by the "Shandong Problem" |
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| served as Generalissimo of the national government of the Republic of China (ROC) from 1928 until his death in 1975; When Sun Yat-sen died in 1925, Kai-shek took control of the Kuomintang; To end the Warlord era and unify China, Chiang led nationalist troops in the Northern Expedition; He became the overall leader of the ROC in 1928; During the civil war (1927-1949), he attempted to eradicate the Chinese Communists but ultimately failed, forcing his KMT government to escape to Taiwan, where he continued serving as the President of the Republic of China and Director-General of the KMT until his death |
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| was a Chinese military and political leader who led the Communist Party of China (CPC) to victory against the Kuomintang (KMT) in the Chinese Civil War, and was the leader of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) from its establishment in 1949 until his death in 1976; He is generally held in high regard in China where he is often portrayed as a great revolutionary and strategist who eventually defeated Chiang Kai-shek in the Chinese Civil War, and transformed the country into a major power through his policies; However, many of Mao's socio-political programs such as the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution are blamed by critics from both within and outside China for causing severe damage to the culture, society, economy and foreign relations of China, as well as the deaths of 44.5 to 72 million people |
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| was a massive military retreat undertaken by the Red Armies of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), the forerunner of the People's Liberation Army, to evade the pursuit of the Kuomintang (KMT or Chinese Nationalist Party) army; The Communists, under the eventual command of Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai, escaped in a circling retreat to the west and north, which reportedly traversed some 12,500 kilometers (8,000 miles) over 370 days |
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| was an economic and social plan used from 1958 to 1960 which aimed to use China's vast population to rapidly transform mainland China from a primarily agrarian economy dominated by peasant farmers into a modern, industrialized communist society |
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| was a struggle for power within the Communist Party of China that manifested into wide-scale social, political, and economic violence and chaos, which grew to include large sections of Chinese society and eventually brought the entire country to the brink of civil war; a campaign to rid China of its "liberal bourgeoisie" elements and to continue revolutionary class struggle; It is widely recognized, however, as a method to regain control of the party after the disastrous Great Leap Forward led to a significant loss of Mao's power to rivals Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping, and would eventually descend into waves of power struggles between rival factions both nationally and locally |
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