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| Area to the north of China that has changed hands over time because it has valuable resources. |
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| Area in Western China that has helped to keep foreigners out of China. |
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| What the Chinese referred to themselves as because they had been isolated for centuries by geographic protective barriers. Chinese had a cultural policy of barring foreigners and foreign ideas based on their ethnocentrism. |
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| belief that one’s culture is superior to another’s. |
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| Belief that the emperors in China have been given their right to rule by the Gods. |
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| Chinese belief that it was natural for ruling families to be overthrown. Chinese believed that the ruling family would come into power and be virtuous but overtime would become corrupt and lazy. The Gods would let the people know when the dynasty had lost the Mandate of Heaven by creating natural disasters. Once the ruling family lost the Mandate it was time for the people to overthrow the ruling family. |
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| Philosopher in China whose ideas shaped traditional Chinese society. His ideas include the five relationships along with the golden rule. |
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| Traditional belief that elders, family and above all parents should be respected. |
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| Traditional Chinese religion that focuses on respecting nature and allowing nature to take it’s course with minimal human interference. The ideas of Yin and Yang are part of this religion. |
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| Started by the Chin dynasty and later finished by the Han. It was built to help keep the foreigners out of China. |
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| Site of first civilization in China |
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| Religion founded by Siddhartha Gautama where the goal is reach Nirvana by giving up worldly desires. Culturally diffused to China from India. |
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| Tang and Song Dynasty - period of government stability and cultural achievements |
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| Considered to by the Golden Age of China marked by government stability and cultural achievements. |
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| Traditional land route to the west that at one time traded products from China all the way to the Mediterranean Sea. |
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| Citizens who were given government jobs had to pass tests based on confucianist ideas in order ensure that they were worthy of the position. |
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| Leader of the Mongols from Mongolia who created an empire throughout Asia based on warfare and plunder. |
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| European explorer who visited and actually stayed in the imperial palace. He wrote a book about his travels stimulating European interest in China. |
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| War between England and China caused by England smuggling opium into China. China asked England to stop trafficking opium into China and England denied being involved. The war ended with the Treaty of Nanjing. |
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| Labeled the “Unfair Treaty” which was unfair towards China and began a period of European domination over China. |
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| Extraterritoriality rights |
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| In the Treaty of Nanjing China agreed to allow foreigners who committed crime in China to be tried in their native countries under their native countries laws. |
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| China was carved up and controlled by foreign nations. Foreign nations controlled an area of China that only they could trade in and control government policy. |
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| Heir to the Mongol Empire who expanded the Mongol Empire into China |
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| The U.S. asked that countries who had a sphere of influence in China allow other countries to trade in their sphere. The countries who had a sphere denied the U.S. request. |
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| uprising by the Chinese against the Manchu Dynasty because they were upset that foreigners were controlling China. The uprising was defeated by the government and foreign coalition forces. |
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| An uprising by Chinese nationalists against foreigners. A coalition of foreign nations went to China to put down the Boxer Rebellion. The Chinese were forced to sign another unfair treaty. |
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| leader who battled for control of China with warlords after the fall of the Manchu dynasty. He promoted nationalism, livelihood and democracy and was able to gain control of most of China before he died in 1921. |
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| Nationalist group originally controlled by Dr. Sun Yat Sen and then Sun’s successor Chaing Kai Shek. |
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| took over after the death of Sun Yat Sen in 1921 and controlled China as a dictator. He battled for control of China with Mao Zedong and the Communist. He was forced to flee to Taiwan where he set up a democratic government independent of China in 1949. |
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| Mao and the communist were chased throughout China by Chiang Kai Shek. During this campaign Mao gained many followers who eventually helped him to overthrow Chaing Kai Shek and make China communist. |
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| Communist leader of China who led the communist overthrow of Chaing Kai Shek. |
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| This is the name of China’s government after Mao made it communist. |
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| Protest by college students against the government calling for an increased democratic role in government by the citizens of China. The Chinese government sent in the military to disperse the protest killing and wounding many protestors. This led to an international outcry over China’s human rights policies. |
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| Mao’s economic policy where he attempted to catch up to the world quickly. Instead of Mao using new technology (which he didn’t have) he wanted to use the large population of China to do manual labor to catch up. He put farmers on communes and created backyard furnaces in the cities. This policy was huge failure and led to famine in which it is estimated that up to 20 million Chinese died from hunger. |
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| group of peasant farmers that were given land to farm as a group. The farmers had a government quota they had to meet as a group. These were relatively effective. |
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| Large government owned farms that peasant farmers were forced to work in during the Great Leap Forward. The peasants were ordered to work six days a week and for long hours in order to provide food for the cities. These were huge failures and led to famine. |
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| After the failure of the Great Leap Forward Mao looked to rid China of the “anti-revolutionaries” by having his red guard made up of students hunt down teachers, managers and ex-landlords. This is another Mao policy that led to disaster by getting rid of the educated in his country. |
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| Mao’s successor who moved away from a strict version of communism and incorporated elements of capitalism into China’s economy. |
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| Deng Xioping’s economic policy which incorporated capitalism by allowing for farmers and managers to sell excess products for profit. Deng’s policy focused on improving industry, agriculture, military and science. |
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| Also known as the one child policy. Citizens of China are only permitted to have one child per couple to try and slow China’s population growth. If couples have more than one child then the government punishes the family by forcing them to pay fines or higher taxes. This policy has led to extreme actions by some Chinese citizens including selling of their children and infanticide |
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| Chinese explorer during the Ming Dynasty that traveled around the tip of Africa and up the Western coast of Africa looking for cultural achievements from other civilizations. The result of his travels was that it reinforced Chinese ethnocentrism. |
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| Beijing - The city that foreigners were not allowed to enter. |
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| The Dynasty that the Mongols set up after Kublai Kahn took over China. |
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| Period of time after the dynasty fell warlords often battled for control of China to become the next emperor. The last warlord period was when the Manchu Dynasty collapsed in 1911 and Dr. Sun Yat Sen and Mao battled warlords for control of China. |
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