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hierarchical structure subordination of other states in China Tributary System then lead to Treaty System |
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1848-1860 Set to replace Confucian ideals with one of Western regard treaty ports, consuls, settlements, new treaty tariff, extraterritoriality 1850- most foreigners set to 5 ports in China between Qing Empire, Britain, France, and Austria-Hungary brought in a lot of foreign people |
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Sources of Chinese and Western Conflict 1848 - 1860 |
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Conflict was nurtured by 1. decline of Manchu power due to rebellions like the Taiping Rebellion 2. incapacity of hierarchy to adjust to dealing with global affairs 3. growing cooperation and strength of treaty powers (West) toward establishing wider commercial relations with China |
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Series of Wars between China and Treaty Powers |
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reasoning: open up China and impose treaties, but Qing government resistant 1. 1st Opium War (Brits and Chinese) 2. 2nd Opium War (French, Brits, Chinese) 3. 1895 - Sino-Japanese War |
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1848-1864 - huge peasant rebellion Rebellion in the South, Middle (Taiping) fueled by rural poverty |
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According to Confucian principle: it's alright to rebel if a dynasty has lost its ability to rule Chinese suffering from corruption, overtaxation, excessive land rents, etc. increase in population...all these lead to virtual serfdom for peasants Hung Hsiu-ch'uan: believed he was God's son (literally), led the rebellion captured Nanjing and Hung became "Heavenly King" there (it was their capital in a sense) Set to overthrow Manchu Dynasty Spread north but not to Peking (where emperor was) |
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Western Response to Taiping Rebellion |
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At first, West sympathizes with rebelling peasants, but then realizes that if Qing/Manchu Dynasty fails, they won't have a trading partner. So, they help create an army that protects Shanghai from the rebels and then the rebels were finally defeated by provincial armies |
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A band of rebels that battled the Chinese government near Shanghai Due to rebellion the customs house on the Shanghai port was emptied and the Western powers took advantage of this Western powers allowed their own consuls to impose tariffs on goods, and some merchants didn't even pay because the Westerners let them have it easy |
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Example of Western governments negligent in their obligations toward China grave consequences from extraterritoriality rights gave right to treaty powers to establish courts at ports created their own jails |
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Opium Trade during Treaty System |
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Even though Opium was not allowed to be imported into China due to First Opium War, there was a black market and treaty powers still contributed to market because didn't want to give up profitable trade |
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Demands for Treaty Revision |
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Chinese pissed that Westerners have no regard (abusing extraterritoriality rights, etc.) Westerners pissed that Chinese are limiting trade opportunities foreigners considered treaties from 1842-44 irrelevant Britain especially wanted to revise treaties because American and French got their treaties changed..perhaps delays in changing treaties due to Taiping |
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Britain's Demands with Treaty Revision |
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1. Wanted full access to interior of China 2. if NOT wanted free navigation of the Yangtze, access to the cities on Yangtze's banks up to Nanjing, wanted legalization of opium trade, finally wanted a representative at Peking because ignored at the ports by Chinese viceroys wanted to convert Chinese to Western diplomacy meaning wanted to change Chinese ways of dealing with foreign affairs Britain teams up with Americans and then resorts to aggression after Crimean War ends |
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Second Opium War (Arrow War) |
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Chinese police arrested 12 Chinese crewmen for piracy and smuggling and tore British flag while doing so Brits were pissed because the ships was registered to them and flag was torn Brit vessels bombarded area Chinese flipped and destroyed British factories/businesses in Canton Anglo-French seized Canton and kept going North on the attack until reach Tientsin Treaty signed |
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Revisions on treaties made in 1842-44 Most Favored Nations would all enjoy treaty (so US and Russia too) New privileges: 1. Foreign ministers at Peking, so foreign influence at the capital 2. right to travel in all parts of interior 3. right of foreign ships on Yangtze 4. Chinese authorities had to protect missionaries Controversies over ministers at capital and protecting missionaries (cultural heritage) |
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Tariff negotiations during Treaty System |
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5% duty on imports and exports legalization of the opium trade |
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economy, tech, military strength, quality of leadership vs time |
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1800 - China start out on top and start to decline 1840 - 1st Opium War 1860 - Japan and China converge 1854 - opening of Japan 1894 - Sino-Japan War |
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Power was declining Japan noted to be power of East Asia Difference was China lethargic to accepting Western influence while Japan embrace |
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Characteristics of Qing Government |
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Manchu tribe federation, ethnic group incredibly conservative, in terms of economic development, maybe should start building steam ships & acquire technology...but great resistance to this Japan though shifted very quickly and have gov like that of Britain and US |
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Why Chinese conservatism? |
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dominant view within Qing Court following repeated military defeats (Opium Wars) barbarians are pesky, so the gov emphasizes Chinese superiority barbarians have to understand Chinese and conform to Chinese ways, so Chinese are better if Chinese lose traditional ways, would lost confidence...Chinese is everything essence of Chinese approach - education, with education one gains virtue |
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felt that: China is not the center of the world world is a sphere many countries in Europe have histories as long as China begin to open China to world politics deep ignorance but gradual understanding (result of Western exposure) |
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What Historians believe about Chinese lethargy |
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1. Qing are not Chinese, so they had to prove themselves to the Chinese. Were willing to adopt technology from the Russians though...that's what they used to conquer the Ming 2. Steppe: Manchu part of horsemen, didn't understand ocean. even feared ocean, Qing push the boundaries via land against Mongols only, no seaward expansion 3. culturalism - Chinese thought they were on top, no one else could be on top, can't change the way you live because the way you live makes you on top of the world |
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wrote "Discourse of Race in Modern China" - a book that describes how Chinese thought barbarians are animals, a thought that transforms into racism defeat barbarians and make them assimilate, any Chinese adviser would be fired for proposing that the Chinese should comply and adopt other forms of culture |
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Mentality that China should be strengthened by having a foreign ministry 20 years after Opium War, China begin to embrace diplomacy more aware of Westphalian states advance in technology, but say nothing about the emperor and his role only need the technology (railways, telephone lines, arsenal) |
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Power in Manchu held by eunuchs then Conservatives won |
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those who argued that China must embrace Western customs, but did not accept ideas of liberal democracies, had idea that governed had a voice, but curbing the power of the government was insane! lost when conservatives came back into power |
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had more technology and more advancement than middle areas. Even had some radicals that thought of overthrowing government due to new intellectual ideas |
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China greater strength than Japan until 1870 Japan much greater 1914 1800-1840: 1st Opium War 1854: Opening of Japan 1870: Japan and China cross 1894: Sino-Japan War 1914: WW1 |
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15 years old when came to power and surrounded himself with senior advisers wanted a modern state with central government took power from shogunate and gave it to senior advisers shogun pissed and fight, but lose try to overthrow feudalism established new national army gave peasants weapons, so samurai no longer only fighters urban poverty increase because peasants displaced |
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6 year mandatory education - based on US Modern economic system with banks Railways, new technology, but Japan endure HUGE debts because bought tech, but state industries sucked 1870s - privatized industries |
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private entrepreneurial families that worked with the government to help Japan until end of WW2 |
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Japan's Structural Development |
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Capitalist Developmental State Missions to learn about West Conclusion that if Japan does not westernize, it will not survive US education model, Britain navy, German medicine |
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1889 Modeled off of German constitution not a republic but citizens still had rights |
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Japan's Beginning of Active Foreign Policy |
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some oligarchs wanted to take Taiwan and challenge Russia and China Meiji felt that Japan wasn't ready Japan wanted to remain neutral, even if that meant accepting unfair treaties |
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disagreements about islands north of Japan 1875 - treaty signed between the 2 countries after WW2, Russia get them back Japan also wanted Okinawan Islands and islands south of it |
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Why was Japan so open to the West? |
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1. Japan didn't have burden of greatness like China 2. Japan several times adopt from other cultures (7th century adopt from China and Korea) 3. Japan's rulers were warriors |
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1st Sino-Japanese War 2nd Sino-Japanese War Korean War |
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Outcomes of 2nd Sino-Japanese War |
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Japan won and became internationally respected signed Anglo-Japanese Alliance (1902-22) First Alliance between East and West |
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Korea's role in the Sino-Japanese War |
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Korea in Tributary System from 7th century Loyal to China - ex. in 1592 when Japan attacked, China was there to help After Meiji, Japan want to open relations with Korea China and Korea didn't accept because China emperor and Jap emperor not equal Nationalists (mainly Samurai) pissed! Treaty between Korea and Japan, but Korea hesitant because loyalty to China Korea saw that Japan was advanced and realized needed the help Confused whether to stick with status quo (China) or modernize like Japan |
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China's influence to kick off the 2nd Sino-Japanese War |
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Li-Hung Chang try to make Japanese-Korean relations not that special, so have Korea sign treaties with other nations Have Korea sign a treaty with China, so China gets even more power in Japan Japan sends troops because Chinese riot China also send troops But no actual fighting |
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12 years after China and Japan have troops in Korea, rebellion (mainly Japanese start) occurs Korean gov try to combat rebellion, but can't so call on China Chinese troops come Japan wins at sea because of skill On land Japan dominate as well Prove that China is sick man of Asia |
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Treaty ending 2nd Sino-Japanese War |
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at Shimonoseki in 1895 Korea is independent Taiwan given to Japan Japan becomes MFN Japan gets Port Arthur - try to get Manchuria and then Russia steps in and ends up getting Port Arthur China grants Russia rights that Japan had |
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established 1912 and democratic government used but warlords over power Yuan Shikai - protoge of Li Hang-Zhang WW1 - in state of political decline China has no central government |
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Japanese Foreign Policy from WW1 |
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Power vacuum from war Britain calls on Japan to be their ally Japan help stop Germans in South Pacific Take advantage of China and see themselves as main power in East Superior to other Asians, liberate Asia from White Powers |
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Industry in Manchuria Jan 1915 Given in secret Violation of US Open Door Policy Giving Shandong and Fujin 99 year leases for Japan to get resources China had to open interior to Japan Group 5 - required China to hire Japanese advisors, China and Japan would establish police military, and China would only get weapons from Japan |
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Japan's motives for 21 Demands |
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1. wanted 2 countries to rule Asia with Japan at top leads to increase in anti-Japan nationalism in China and US sees this as a break into Open Door Policy |
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Japan starting to overtake European countries |
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1915- Br weak and Russia faltering Japan try to challenge Br, so Br and Fr accept lands in Asia Japan take German lands in China China not happy and resent West even more |
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Huge growth in rural poverty Increased tenant farming Increased food from US Less and less connection with farmers because people moving to cities Taxation and corruption increased Taiping Rebellion cause setbacks |
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New Social Classes in China |
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Capitalists Proletariat Western Intellectuals |
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After defeat by Japan in 1890s End with coup of Empress Dowager Cixi Nationalism growing want to restore the Han |
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Problems with Collective Security |
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1. States are inclined to act based on own interests 2. States find punishing aggressive states as more costly than acquiescing to it Any norm is doomed if national interests are not addressed |
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