Term
| Locke: definition of play |
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Definition
| Play = necessary for kids + based on fantasy + imagination |
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Term
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Definition
-"Father of kindergarten"
-kids pretend in a manner that reflects experiences + education |
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Term
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Definition
| Kids like social rules in play |
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Term
| 3 Problems of defining play |
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Definition
1. Multiplicity of meanings: some people might hate what others love
2. Fluid concept: no real definition
3. Many kinds of play (Role play, rules, reception, physical, etc) |
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Term
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Definition
Play is not work, but it can be work
-If you can turn work into play, then you have mastery
-if play becomes work, mastering emotional issue
-if play is work, it's a game with rules |
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Term
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Definition
1. Enjoyable
2. Stimulate imagination
3. Health-related
4. Identity
5. Social bonds |
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Term
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Definition
-Free choice
-positive effects (sense of self, health benefits,etc)
-nonliterality (the only thing that matters is that it is important to you) -intrinsic motivation
-process orientation (love activity, not goal) |
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Term
| What are the differences between play and nonplay? |
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Definition
1. Play episodes, add scripts and actions
2. used to assess emotions/social disorders |
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Term
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Definition
1. Exploration: test objects' limits
2. Imitation
3. On-task behavior: stay with experience for stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
Physical Nonliterality
Practice process orientation
Reception Free choice
Constructive pleasure
Dramatic Recreational Play
Game play Educational Play
creative activities |
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Term
Adult functional
vs
Child-experiential |
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Definition
| Adult functioning: Adult-centric, connected to reality, functional "toys" = kitchen sets, play cars, limiting perspective, less imaginative |
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Term
| What did the Greeks think that play was? |
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Definition
-Fate (practice life skills, determine what you will do in life)
-Identity (type of play ~ skills)
-Power (Watch kids play, determine if they are going to be leaders)
-Frivolous |
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Term
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Definition
-Focus on reasoning
-spirituality + religion: influenced Bill of Rights, Declaration of Rights of Man |
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Term
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Definition
-Saw play as being necessary for childhood
-Saw attitude differences in kids that played (problem solving skills, physical fitness) |
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Term
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Definition
-Play is important, because it increases imagination
-Play lets people be inquisitive |
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Term
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Definition
-French revolution + industrial revolution
-Sense of freedom + inequalities |
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Term
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Definition
-Play teaches morals
-Play lets you learn about physical world
-Play + art should be connected
-Experiments with objects of play that represent occupations (wooden shapes, clay, yarn, paper)
-play helps kids socialize and learn norms
-Natural games derived with adult + child = important (patty cake, peek-a-boo) |
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Term
| Surplus energy theory: Schiller |
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Definition
-left over energy is dedicated to play
-"aimless activities"
-creativity connects to life work |
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Term
| Relaxation Theory: Lazarus |
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Definition
-Recreation
-Pent up energy -> release to transform yourself (lose weight, etc)
-give more energy to work, reflects deep rooted competition habits |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-Play fighting is normal
-Experimental play: How much power do you have?
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Term
| Recapitulation Theory: Stanley Hall |
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Definition
-Primitive past gave idea of play exercises: tribal play
-good for reasoning development, negotiation skills, leadership |
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Term
| Ego-Expanding Theory: Lange |
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Definition
play is nature's way of completing ego + personality
cognitive skills |
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Term
| 4 topics that are looked at in the development of play |
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Definition
1. Social: Playing with others
2. Objects: what you play with as you age
3. Symbolic: objects become other things
4. Environment |
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Term
Microgenesis
vs
Ontogenesis |
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Definition
Microgenesis: Short term developmental changes (year or months)
Ontogenesis: longer periods of time (ie: development in understanding of rules |
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Term
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Definition
Kinds of play can emerge in stages, like fashion fads
1. Sensorimotor Play: Identify aspects of play with senses. put things in mouth, bang it on surfaces, study items)
2. Symbolic Play: 1 object represents other
3. Games with rules (checkers, sports, turn taking) |
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Term
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Definition
-generalizations about child's development
-help us think about play environment for certain age groups
-use norms as predictors of how children with play |
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Term
| Criticisms against studying play |
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Definition
-could not see how play can change over time. unidirectional
-how can you really identify these behaviors? how do you know these are transferable across cultures? |
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Term
| Hubert Montagner: 5 types of actions that socially competent kids perform |
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Definition
1. Actions that produce attachment to objects (soothing mechanism?)
2. Actions that generate fear, flight, or tears
3. Aggressive actions
4. Gestures of fear or retreat
5. Actions that produce isolation
"we're not going to play with you," "you can't be on my team" |
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Term
| Similanski: Functional Play vs Constructive Play |
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Definition
Function Play: manipulated play with objects. stereptyped way. ex: housekeeping play
Constructive Play: Organized, goal-oriented. increases as child matures. (ex: block building) |
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Term
| Rosenblatt: How do infants use toys? |
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Definition
-studied children 1-2 years old
-use of single object decreases in frequency
---leave object behind, move on because have tested out object completely
-toddlers like to be a part of and be in the object they're playing with |
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Term
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Definition
| Tasting, mouthing replaced with correct functional play; then enactive naming pretending with self pretending with others |
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Term
| 2 categories of assimilation |
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Definition
Reproductive or functional: repeating actions with an object
Generalizing: extending these actions to additional objects |
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Term
| Pretend actions and objects |
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Definition
-18 months = symbolic play
-Form and function of substitute objects to judge the complexity of the pretend actions (dressing up,role playing)
-Actions range in difficulty: how much transformation is actually occurring?
(doctor + patient, get into character, direct play) |
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Term
| Pretend actions and objects |
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Definition
-18 months = symbolic play
-Form and function of substitute objects to judge the complexity of the pretend actions (dressing up,role playing)
-Actions range in difficulty: how much transformation is actually occurring?
(doctor + patient, get into character, direct play) |
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Term
| coordination of secondary circular reactions |
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Definition
8-12 months
can use 2 objects together |
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Term
| secondary circular reactions |
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Definition
4-8 months
discovered by chance, repeated
involve external objects (ie rattle) |
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Term
| primary circular reactions |
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Definition
1-4 months
infants discover pleasurable actions with their bodies (ie thumbs) purposely repeated to generate pleasure |
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Term
| Tertiary circular reactions |
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Definition
12-18 months
experiment with multiple objects at a time |
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Term
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Definition
BRUNER
caregiver promoting child's development |
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Term
| Unitary functional activity |
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Definition
production of an effect that is unique to a single object
ex: squeeze ball, dial telephone |
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Term
| inappropriate combinatorial activity |
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Definition
inappropriate juxtaposition of two or more objects
ex: put ball in vehicle |
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Term
| appropriate combinatorial activity |
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Definition
appropriate juxtaposition of two or more objects
ex: put lid on teapot, stack blocks |
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Term
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Definition
approximation of pretense but without confirmatory evidence
ex: put telephone receiver to ear without vocalization |
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Term
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Definition
clear pretense activity directed toward self
ex: pretend to eat from spoon or empty cup |
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Term
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Definition
clear pretense activity directed towards others
ex: hug doll, pretend car makes sound |
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Term
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Definition
link two or more pretense actions
ex: dial telephone and speak into receiver |
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Term
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Definition
pretend activity involving one or more object substitution
ex: symbols |
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Term
| 5 steps for initiating play |
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Definition
1. reduction of interfering activity
2. setting the stage for a period of interaction by bringing the infant to a more alert, receptive state
3. creating an atmosphere of expectancy for further interaction by her behavior
4. acceleration of the infant's attention to receive and send messages |
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Term
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Definition
| dramatic play: assume roles, see other’s point of view, develop knowledge about roles, explore language, problem solving |
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Term
| Fromberg: how does dramatic play (pretense) help? |
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Definition
-develops imagination
-reasoning skills
-problem solving
-language and conversation skills
-understand others' point of views
-express feelings |
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