Early theories about autism attributed the autistic child's behaviors to:

the parent's wish that the child not exist

Which of the following statements about autism is true?

Which of the following statements about the social skills of children with autism is true?

Children with autism experience profound difficulties relating to others, even when they have average or above-average intelligence.

What we don't know about the emotional life of children with autism is if they __________ emotions differently.

experience

Children with autism are most likely to use:

instrumental gestures

Echolalia in children with autism is believed to be:

an important step in their language acquisition

The tendency to focus on one feature of an object in the environment while ignoring other equally important features is called stimulus:

overselectivity

The tendency to focus on certain types of sensory input over others is called sensory:

dominance

The theory of mind hypothesis of autism suggests that children with autism:

do not understand others' mental states

A person lacking central coherence:

processes information in bits and pieces but fails to see the big picture

The cognitive deficit most specific to children with autism is:

deficient theory of mind

A child with mental retardation but not autism is more likely to display ___________ than a child with autism.

smiling and eye contact

Which of the following statements about gender differences in autism is true?

Autism is more common in boys,

The extreme male brain theory of autism suggests that:

autistic brains are more "systemizing"

The two strongest predictors of adult outcomes in children with autism are:

IQ and language development

___________________has been associated with autism more than any other medical condition.

Tuberous sclerosis

A step-by-step approach to presenting a stimulus and requiring a specific response that is used in the treatment of autism is called:

discrete trial training

The promise of early intervention with autism derives primarily from:

the plasticity of neural systems early in development

In contrast to children with autism, children with Asperger's disorder:

display greater interest in social contact

The most common presenting symptom for children with schizophrenia is:

auditory hallucinations

____________ is/are connected to the later onset of learning disorders.

Communication disorders

  None of following statements about learning disabilities is true

A child diagnosed with a learning disorder would typically score:

higher on IQ tests than on tests of academic achievement

By the age of _______, a child's perceptual map for phonetic discrimination is complete.

Phonological awareness is a broad construct that includes:

Studies comparing language-impaired children with and without a positive family history for a language based learning disability suggest that children with a positive family history may inherit:

Language functions are housed primarily in the:

left temporal lobe

For some children, recurrent ___________ during the first year of life may be related to the development of language impairments.

ear infections

Which of the following statements about gender differences in rates of stuttering is true?

Boys are three times more likely to stutter than girls.

Which is an appropriate treatment for children who stutter?

Almost ________ of children who stutter before the age of 5 will no longer stutter once they have been in school for about a year.

80%

 The following statements about the causes of stuttering are false

Which of the following is not a category of learning disorders?

motor skills

Mary is reading out loud to her class. She reads "from", when in fact the word is "form". Mary has made a(n) ___________ error.

transposition

Boys are more likely to be diagnosed with learning disorders because:

they are more likely to also have behavior problems

In comparison to men with learning disorders, women:

have more relationship problems

Which of the following has not been linked to increased resiliency and adaptation in children with learning disorders?

establishment of clear consequences for when mistakes are made

Shaywitz and Shaywitz (2002) found that the brains of dyslexic children compared to nonimpaired children had:

lower activation primarily in the left hemisphere

Nonverbal learning disabilities are deficits related to:

functional abnormalities in the right hemisphere

The most likely relationship between learning disorders and behavior problems in young children is that

the two are distinct disorders that arise separately but increase the potency of either or both problems over time

The earlier and mistaken belief that children could not suffer from depression was rooted in:

psychoanalytic theory

The increase in depression in young people has been attributed, at least in part, to:

rapid social change leading to increased stress levels for young people

A _____________ refers to a group of symptoms that occur together more often than by chance.

cluster

Which of the following does not occur more frequently in younger than older individuals?

anhedonia

Which of the following is least likely to co-occur with major depressive disorder in young people?

autism

Prospective studies of children and adolescents have found that the age of onset for the first depressive episode is usually ___________ years.

13-15

Which of the following is true regarding gender differences in the prevalence of depression among males and females?

Depression is equally common among preadolescent boys and girls, but after about age 13 the rate is higher for females.

Which of the following statements about suicide is false?

Overdose and wrist cutting are the most common means for adolescents who successfully complete suicide.

The fact that depression occurs in many youngsters who do not experience loss or rejection, and does not occur in many children who do, is support against which theory of depression?

psychodynamic

Which theory of depression claims that depression is related to a lack of response-contingent positive reinforcement?

Depression prone individuals tend to make __________________ attributions for the causes of negative events.

internal, stable, and global

________________ view youngsters with depression as having difficulty organizing their behavior in relation to long-term goals.

Self-control theories

The diathesis-stress model of depression explains the onset of the disorder as:

dependent upon the interaction between personal vulnerability and life stress

Which is not a characteristic of families of children with depression?

underinvolvement

The approach that has shown the most success in the treatment of major depressive disorder is:

cognitive-behavioral therapy

The most efficacious preventative intervention for children at risk for depression is:

cognitive-behavioral therapy

The only SSRI that is currently FDA approved for the treatment of depression in children is:

fluoxetine (Prozac)

Children (and adults) who experience a clinical course of one or more major depressive episodes accompanied by at least one hypomanic episode are diagnosed with:

bipolar II disorder

During the eugenics movement, persons with mental retardation were considered:

a threat to society

Subaverage intellectual functioning is defined as an IQ approximately:

two standard deviations below the mean

IQ scores among individuals without mental retardation are:

relatively stable with the exception of infancy

In comparison to the IQ scores of normally developing children, those of infants and children with developmental delays or mental retardation are:

The ___________ refers to the phenomenon that IQ scores have risen sharply since the beginning of IQ testing.

The Flynn Effect

The most likely explanation for the discrepancy in IQ scores between blacks and whites in North America is

economic and social inequalities

In the DSM-IV-TR, the level of retardation, reflecting a child's degree of difficulty, is based upon:

The ________ category of mental retardation has an overrepresentation of minority groups.

mild

The AAMR categorizes persons with mental retardation according to:

the extent of support needed

Prevalence estimates for mental retardation in children and adults are about _________ of the entire population.

1% to 3%

The suggestion that children with mental retardation demonstrate the same behaviors and underlying processes as typically developing children who are at the same level of cognitive functioning is referred to as the:

similar structure hypothesis

The observation that children with Down's syndrome may alternate between periods of gain and functioning and periods of little or no advance is the:

slowing and stability hypothesis

Children with Down syndrome display considerable delay in:

expressive language development

Children with mild to moderate mental retardation learn symbolic play:

in much the same manner as other children

Which of the following psychiatric diagnoses is least common among children with mental retardation

schizophrenia

The single most common cause of severe mental retardation is:

Down syndrome occurs more often with older mothers than younger mothers because:

Both Prader-Willi and Angelman syndromes are:

believed to be spontaneous genetic birth defects that occur around the time of conception

On average, the IQ of children with fetal alcohol syndrome is in the _________ range of mental retardation

Education of children with mental retardation has been plagued by the fact that: