Term
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
(Part of Body Affected, How Common?, Cure Rate, Trends) |
|
Definition
-White Blood Cells accumulate in Bone Marrow
-3000 a year
-3-5 Years old
-98% remission/80% cured
-Boys, whites, siblings |
|
|
Term
Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
(Part of Body Affected, How Common?, Cure Rate, Trends) |
|
Definition
-Tumors of the peripheral lymph nodes, thymus or abdominal organs, such as the bowel, but can appear at other sites.
-3rd most common cancer in children.
-9 in 1 million children under 15 will develop it each year.
-75% can be cured with treatment/Early, localized stage: more than 90% cure.
-Children with immuno-deficiencies have a greatly increased risk. |
|
|
Term
Acute Myeloid Leukemia
(Part of Body Affected, How Common?, Cure Rate, Trends) |
|
Definition
-White Blood Cells in Bone Marrow
-500 a year
-People of 25, but found in teens and children
-Most common 2nd malignancy
-80-90% initial remission/ 40-50% long term remission
-Greater incidence in people exposed to large amounts of radiation and certain chemicals (benzene). |
|
|
Term
Hodgkin’s Disease
(Part of Body Affected, How Common?, Cure Rate, Trends) |
|
Definition
-Enlargement of the lymph nodes, spleen, and liver and by progressive anemia.
-6-7,000 cases a year.
-Striking increase after adolescence until age 30.
-Limited Stage: 90-100%/ Advanced Stage: 70-90%
-Boys, siblings, Mono |
|
|
Term
Germ Cell Tumors
(Part of Body Affected, How Common?, Cure Rate, Trends) |
|
Definition
-Arise from “germ cells” found in brain and cause kinds of tumors.
-Primarily found in two locations in the brain but can spread on brain and spinal cord.
-1% of newly diagnosed brain tumors in children.
-85% are cured with radiation
-Diagnosed during adolescents, boys |
|
|
Term
Neuroblastoma
(Part of Body Affected, How Common?, Cure Rate, Trends) |
|
Definition
-Tumors start in neural crest cells in SNS. Tumors can appear anywhere from neck to tailbone, but are most common near the adrenal gland or in the chest.
-1 in 10,000 children.
-Infants, Boys |
|
|
Term
Osteosarcoma
(Part of Body Affected, How Common?, Cure Rate, Trends) |
|
Definition
-Most common type of bone cancer.
-Bones on either side of the knee and in the upper arm.
-4 in 1 million children.
-Localized: 70% (15% in the 1960s) Spead: 30%
-Boys, Adolescents, Cause unknown. |
|
|
Term
Rhabdomyosarcoma
(Part of Body Affected, How Common?, Cure Rate, Trends) |
|
Definition
-Aggressive soft tissue tumor that arises from muscle cells.
-5th most common pediatric cancer (5-8% of cases)
-70% with localized will have long-term survival.
-Boys, Blacks, Ages 2-6. |
|
|
Term
Wilm’s Tumor
(Part of Body Affected, How Common?, Cure Rate, Trends) |
|
Definition
-Solid tumor that originates in the kidney.
-Some children have a genetic predisposition.
-Majority have no clear cause.
-Equally in boys and girls. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Inflamed airways that produce lots of thick mucus.
-Overly sensitive, or hyperreactive, to certain things, like exercise, dust, or cigarette smoke.
-Smooth muscle that surrounds the airways to tighten up.
-The combination of airway inflammation and muscle tightening narrows the airways and makes it difficult for air to move through. |
|
|
Term
| What are triggers for asthma? |
|
Definition
-Exercise
-Dust
-Perfume
-Cigarette smoke |
|
|
Term
| What effect does smoking and second-hand smoke have on asthma? |
|
Definition
| Smoking causes the airways to become swollen, narrow, and filled with sticky mucus — the same problems that cause breathing trouble in people with asthma. For this reason, if a person with asthma smokes, they're more likely to have more frequent and severe flare-ups. Secondhand smoke can damage the lungs, leading to long-term breathing problems or worsening existing breathing problems. |
|
|
Term
| How is poverty linked to asthma? |
|
Definition
| Poorer/lower class usually live in areas such as larger cities that deal with smog. Also, homes may be dirtier harboring things such as dust, smoke, and other triggers. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What impact does asthma have on school absences, hospitalization, ER and doctor’s office visits? |
|
Definition
| Can cause child to miss more school and have more trips to the doctor if not managed properly. |
|
|
Term
| How does asthma effect participation in sports? |
|
Definition
| Being active, working out, and playing sports does more than help a child with asthma stay fit, maintain a healthy weight, and have fun - it can actually strengthen a child's breathing muscles and help the lungs work better. It is important to manage treatments and take medicine. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an inherited disease that causes the body to produce mucus that's extremely thick and sticky. The mucus in people with CF is thicker than normal because CF affects cells in the epithelium the layer of cells that lines the passages in the body's organs. This thick, sticky mucus clogs passages in many of the body's organs and infection sets in. The two organs that are most affected are the lungs and pancreas, where the thick mucus causes breathing and digestive problems. The thicker mucus has trouble moving out of the lungs, so bacteria can remain and cause infections. |
|
|
Term
| How do you get cystic fibrosis? Be specific. |
|
Definition
| Cystic fibrosis is an inherited disease caused by mutations in a gene on chromosome 7, one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes that children inherit from their parents. Cystic fibrosis occurs because of mutations in the gene that makes a protein called CFTR. A person with CF produces abnormal CFTR protein or no CFTR protein at all, which causes the body to make thick, sticky mucus instead of the thin, watery kind. |
|
|
Term
| How does a malfunction of the epithelial cells cause the problems of CF? |
|
Definition
| This thick, sticky mucus clogs passages in many of the body's organs and infection sets in. The two organs that are most affected are the lungs and pancreas, where the thick mucus causes breathing and digestive problems. The thicker mucus has trouble moving out of the lungs, so bacteria can remain and cause infections. |
|
|
Term
| Why is it difficult for a child with CF to maintain weight? |
|
Definition
| Mucus also can block the digestive tract and pancreas. The mucus stops digestive enzymes from getting to the intestines. The body needs these enzymes to break down food, which provides important nutrients to help people grow and stay healthy. |
|
|
Term
| Which ethnic groups have the highest and lowest incidence of CF? |
|
Definition
| Most common in Caucasians. |
|
|
Term
| When is a diagnosis of CF usually made? How is it diagnosed? |
|
Definition
-Most people are diagnosed with CF at birth through newborn screening, or before the age of 2.
-Sweat test or a genetic test confirm the diagnosis. |
|
|
Term
| What symptoms might a newborn baby with CF have at birth? |
|
Definition
Although all newborns have meconium — the thick, dark, putty-like substance that usually passes from the rectum in the first few days of life — in CF, the meconium can be too thick and sticky to pass and can completely block the intestines. They may also have salty tasting skin. More commonly, though, babies born with CF don't gain weight as expected. |
|
|
Term
| What does daily basic care of a child with CF involve? |
|
Definition
1. Take pancreatic enzyme supplement capsules with every meal and most snacks (even babies who are breastfeeding may need to take enzymes).
2. Take multi-vitamins.
3. Do some form of airway clearance at least once and sometimes up to four or more times a day.
4. Take aerosolized medicines—liquid medicines that are made into a mist or aerosol and then inhaled through a nebulizer. |
|
|
Term
| What is the bacterium that is so contagious between CF patients? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What effect has Cepacia bacteria had on the CF population? |
|
Definition
| They can no longer have camps with those who have cepacia due to risk of infection. It keeps them more isolated and reduces support. |
|
|
Term
| Why are lumbar punctures done? |
|
Definition
| This is done to get some of the fluid that is around the spinal cord to test for diseases and provide medical information to doctors. |
|
|
Term
| Does Texas Children’s Hospital use EMLA to prepare a child for lumbar puncture? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What position does a child need to be in for lumbar puncture? |
|
Definition
| He or she will help your child curl up in a ball (like a cat does) with his or her back facing the doctor or nurse practitioner. |
|
|
Term
| How is the skin cleaned for the LP? |
|
Definition
| Brown soap called Betadine |
|
|
Term
| Why is there a drape over the child’s back for lumbar puncture? |
|
Definition
| To protect the skin from germs. |
|
|
Term
| Do they numb the skin for lumbar puncture? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What will the child feel during the lumbar puncture? |
|
Definition
| A pressure on his/her back like someone is pushing on it. |
|
|
Term
| Why is it important to stay lying down for 20-30 minutes after the lumbar puncture is over? |
|
Definition
| To keep from damaging anything, keep it from being too painful, and to get the correct amount of fluid needed |
|
|
Term
| Why is a bone marrow test done? |
|
Definition
| The results of this test help your child’s doctor learn more about your child’s blood cells and how healthy they are. |
|
|
Term
| What position does a child need to be in for this bone marrow test? |
|
Definition
The nurse and lab technician will help your child up onto a long, skinny table and to lie down on his or her stomach. They will put a firm pillow under your child’s hips so that the hip bones are raised up. Your child’s arms will be out in front of him or her. |
|
|
Term
| How is the skin cleaned for a bone marrow test? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is EMLA used for bone marrow test? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is there an injection to numb the skin for bone marrow test? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is the bone marrow test done? |
|
Definition
The doctor or PNP will put a special bone marrow needle into the hip bone. Because the numbing medicine is still working, some children say they only feel someone pushing on their back. After the bone marrow needle is in, the doctor or PNP will attach a syringe to the end of the needle. By pulling back on the syringe some of the bone marrow from your child’s hip bone will be collected. Because bone marrow is thick, it may flow up into the syringe slowly. While the bone marrow is being withdrawn, some children say they feel a pain that goes down their legs. |
|
|
Term
| What will the child feel during the bone marrow test? |
|
Definition
| Possible pain radiating down leg and pressure. Pain with a biopsy. |
|
|
Term
| What does MRI and CT stand for? |
|
Definition
MRI: Magnetic Resonance Imaging
CT: Computed Tomography |
|
|
Term
| What do the MRI machine and CT scanner look like? |
|
Definition
MRI: large square machine with large hole in the center that the child is put in to on a bed.
CT: The CT machine is big and looks something like a large doughnut. |
|
|
Term
| Why would that be scary for children? |
|
Definition
MRI: child may feel enclosed or trapped, unable to get out
CT: child will be strapped down and may feel trapped. Machine is very large. |
|
|
Term
| Which uses radiation (x-rays) and which uses a magnet? |
|
Definition
MRI: magnet
CT: radiation |
|
|
Term
| What does a child feel during an MRI or CT? |
|
Definition
MRI: IV contrast side effects may include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, a flushed face or a feeling of warmth when the injection is given. These side effects are rare and usually do not last long.
CT: IV contrast side effects may include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, a flushed face or a feeling of warmth when the injection is given. These side effects are rare and usually do not last long. If oral contrast is given, your child may experience a feeling of fullness, abdominal pain or diarrhea. |
|
|
Term
| What kind of noise do the machines make? |
|
Definition
MRI: sounds like tennis balls in a dryer
CT: sounds like a large fan |
|
|
Term
| Will the child need an IV for a MRI or CT? |
|
Definition
MRI: may need an IV for contrast or sedation
CT: yes for contrast |
|
|
Term
| How it is determined whether a child will need a sedative or not for a CT or MRI? |
|
Definition
| If the child has problems lying still |
|
|
Term
| Does the child wear his/her own clothes or a hospital gown? |
|
Definition
MRI: his/her own clothes as long as they don’t contain any metal
CT: hospital gown |
|
|
Term
| How long does an MRI and CT Scan take to complete? |
|
Definition
MRI: about an hour
CT: about thirty minutes |
|
|
