Term
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Definition
| New born baby until end of 1st month |
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Term
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Definition
Newborns sleep 16-17 hours a day
Distributed across 7-8 periods, avg 4 hrs each |
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Term
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Definition
| -The continuum of alertneess or concsiousness that the infant passes through during each sleep/wake cycle |
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Term
| Developmental Themes: Toddlers |
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Definition
Physically, toddlers apply basic motor skills to functional play
Cognitively, children develop the ability to represent the words using symbols
Socially, toddlers begin to develop a sense of self
-A Transitional Period! |
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Term
| Physical Growth : Toddlers |
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Definition
Group about 2 inches and gain 5-6 pounds a year
Sleep fewer hours, more sleep at night (deeper sleep)
Girls mature physically faster than boys |
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Term
| Gross Motor Development: Walking |
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Definition
| Starting to walk is a function of their unique biological timetable and the characteristics of the settingings in which they live |
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Term
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Definition
No longer dependent on concrete actions as a primary means of understanding the world
-Thought processes different than adults |
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Term
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Definition
| Inability to distinguish between ones own and someone else perspective |
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Term
| Language and Communication -1 |
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Definition
Language development is focused on:
Semantics- meaning of the words
Syntax- rules of grammar |
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Term
| Language and Communication 2 |
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Definition
First words typically reflect noun labels, action verbs, or words that function as both
-Referential Language- Communications that refer to objects/people or that ask for object words ("was dat"?)
-Expressive Language- Communications that refer to affect, motion, or location |
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Term
| Language and Communication- 3 |
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Definition
Untill 18 months, toddler acquire an average of one word a week
-Based on unique experiences
-20-30 words total
After 19 months imitation becomes important- 10-30 words a week. Vocab of 200-300 words by 2 years
Rapid expansion is consistent with Piagets ideas |
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Term
| Comprehension Proceeds Production |
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Definition
By 3 years, children can carry out 2-3 step directions
They can identify pictures and body parts by pointing
They can group and match items |
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Term
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Definition
Convey a single meaning
The most common semantic relationships based in agent, action, object sequences
Importance of context
Utterances constructed according to synactical rules |
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Term
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Definition
Toddlers use words that address abstract ideas
-Pronouns, adjectives, advervs, prepostions
-Terms for relative concepts and comparisons
By 3 years old, toddlers are working to master the word order for questions, plurals for nouns, and verb endings
-Through imatation say "feet"
-But later, they overgeneralize the rule for plurals and say "foots" |
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Term
| Socio-Emotional Development |
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Definition
Eriksons (1963) crisis of autonomy vs. shame and doubt
-Seperating a concept of the self from that of the caregiver
-Toddlers no longer need to be carried and like to feed and "dress" themselves
-Learn self terms: me,my, mine
-Toddlers often stretch the boundaries of their capabilites |
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Term
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Definition
An indviduals behavioral style and characteristic way of responding
Temperament can be thought of as the biological and emotional foundations of personality |
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Term
| Describing and Classifying Temperament |
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Definition
Activity level
Rhythmicity or regularity of function
Distractibility
Approach or withdrawl when confronted with new experiences
Adaptability to change
Attention span or persistence
Intensity of reaction to stimulation
Threshold of responsiveness
Quality of mood |
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Term
| Chess and Thomas' Classification of Temperament |
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Definition
Easy Child- Positve mood, quickly establishes routines in infancy, adapts easily
Slow-to-warm-up child- Low activity level, somewhat negative, displays low intensity of mood
Difficult Child- Reacts negatively and cries often, engages in irregular daily routines, slow to accept change |
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Term
| Problems W/ Categorizing Temperament |
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Definition
-Do not clearly fall into any of the 3 categories
-Initial patterns change over time
-Some charcteristcs that seem negative may actually adaptive later on |
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Term
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Definition
Objective ratings of termperament may be less important than caregivers perceptions of the childs behavioral style and goodness of fit
-Goodness of fit- Match between childs temperament and envinromental demands the child must cope with |
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Term
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Definition
Motor activity and social interaction/ routine combinations
-Peek a boo, patty cake
-First with caregivers, then with other children
Learn specific skills, games, and routines long before they understand the gneral rules and assumptions of the social conduct that underlie them |
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Term
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Definition
Walk a thin line between trying to exercise competence and conforming to rules
Get frusered when we hem them in dont have the communication skills so express frustration |
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Term
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Definition
1. Regular Sleep
2. Periodic Sleep
3. Irregular Sleep
4. Drowsiness
5. Alert inactivity
6. Waking activity
7. Crying |
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Term
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Definition
Adults spend about 1/5 of night in REM
About a half of infants sleep is REM Sleep
-Auto-Stimulation Theory- REM sleep might promote the brains development in infancy |
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Term
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Definition
Built in reactions to stimuli that govern the newborns moevements, whic are automatic and beyond the newborns control
They allow infants to respond adaptively to their environment before they have had the opportunity to learn
Other reflexes may be vestiges of the past
Still other reflexes may be simple manifestations of neurological circuity that will later come under voluntary control, or will be integrated into more advanced and useful patterns of behavior |
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Term
| What Happens to Reflexes? |
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Definition
Originate in brain stem and spinal cord
Most disappear within a few months
Neurological development in the cortex of the infants brain |
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Term
| Body Growth and Change : Infancy |
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Definition
Avg newborn is 20 inches long, 7 pounds
double brth weight by 4 months
Boys are typically slightly taller and heavier than girls |
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Term
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Definition
Brain size precides brain functioning
At birth, brain attained 25% of its adult size, by age 2 the brain is 75%
Brain grows faster than body |
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Term
| Experience Enhances the Brain : Infancy |
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Definition
Pruning- under used neurons are inactivated
This happens to neurons that establish fewer dendrites, or when the dendrites do not find useful synapses
Experience and use determine which synapses are maintained and which are lost |
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Term
| Experience Expectant Growth |
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Definition
Brain structures that seem ready to develop once they recieve certain basic kinds of stimulation
-Involes basic functions, such as vision and language |
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Term
| Experience- Dependent Growth |
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Definition
Brain strucutres that develop as a result of each persons unique experiences
-Open to experience throughout life span, such as musical ability |
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Term
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Definition
Enable infants to be responsive to those who care for them:
-Newborns can hear the human voice and discriminate among different voices
-Newborns can see clearly within 8 inches of their eyes
-Taste preferences
-Demonstrate more stable body temperature and heart rate when help closely |
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Term
| The Sequence of Motor Development |
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Definition
Gross motor development
-Crawling, standing, walking
Fine motor development
-Reaching and grasping |
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Term
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Definition
| Progressive voluntary command over the large muscles of the body |
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Term
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Definition
-Myelination faciliates voluntary control over the muscles
-Cephalocaudal trend- refers to an organized pattern of physical growth that proceeds from head to tail
-Proximodistal trend- refers to an organzied pattern of physical growth that proceeds from the center of the body outward |
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Term
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Definition
Earliest movements of hands and arms are reflexive
Initially wave their arms in random, wobbly movements with hands tightly closed
By 3 months, the majority of infants hold their hands open and can open and close them
Most infants are reaching in a directed fashion towards objects |
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Term
| Piaget's Cognitive- Developmental Theory |
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Definition
-The sensorimotor stage spans the first two years of life
-Organized ways of making sense of experience, called schemes, change with age
Action based (motor patterns) at first
Later move to a mental (thinking) level |
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Term
| Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development |
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Definition
Intelligence is a basic life process that helps organisms adapt to their environments
Schemes- organized patterns of thought or action that are used to cope with or explain some aspect of experience |
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Term
| Piaget- Process of Development |
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Definition
Behavioral Schemes characterize infancy
Simple motor habits, such as grasping, lifting, sucking
Cognitive schemes develop in childhood
"Actions in the head", such as manipulation of
information, logical thinking |
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Term
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Definition
Adaptation- Building schemes
Assimilation- Using current schemes to interpret external world
Accommodation- Adjusing old schemes and creating new ones to better fit environment |
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Term
| Using Assimilation and Accommodation |
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Definition
Equilibrium and Disequilibrium- Using assimilation during eq.
Diseq prompts accommodation
Organization- Internal rearranging and linking schemes |
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Term
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Definition
Birth to 2 years, divided into 6 substages
Building schemes through sensory and motor exploration
-Circular reactions- stumbling upon a new experience caused by the babys own motor activity
-Development of object permanence- understanding that objects continue to exist even when not presented to the senses |
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Term
| Piagets Sensorimot Stages (6) |
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Definition
1. Relfexive (birth-1 month)
2. Primar Circular Reactions ( 1-4 months)
3. Secondary Circular Reactions (4-6 months)
4. Coordination of Secondary Circular Reactions (9-12 months)
5. Teritary Circular Reactions (12-18 months)
6. Mental Representation ( 18 months- 2 years) |
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Term
| Primary Circular Reactions (1-4 Months) |
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Definition
Behavior involving the infants body, grasping/ sucking, that babies repeat because of the stimulation provided by the actions
Beginnings of intentionality in the coordination of sensory schemes
No sense of external objects apart from immediate perception of them |
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Term
| Secondary Circular Reactions (4-8 months) |
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Definition
Infants become more externally (object) oriented on the world
Sensorimotor coordination improves
Beginnings of imitation
Infants can search for partially hidden objects |
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Term
| Coordination of Secondary Circular Reactions (8-12 Months) |
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Definition
Sensory and motor schemes are consolidated into more complex and adaptive patterns of behavior
A not B search error |
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Term
| Tertiary Circular Reactions ( 12-18 months) |
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Definition
Purposeful modification of exising schemes to explore new possibilities with objects
Baby as problem solver
Infants cannot follow invisible displacements |
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Term
| Mental Representations (18-24 Months) |
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Definition
Internalization of schemes
Deferred imitation
Pretense play |
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Term
| Evaluation of Sensorimotor Stage |
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Definition
Some developments happen when Piaget described:
-Object search
-A not B error
-Make believe play
Happen sooner-
Object permanence
Secondary circular reactions
Deferred imitation
Problem solving by analogy |
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Term
| Pre-linguistic Communications |
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Definition
Crying- care giver responseiveness
Gurgles and bubbles
Cooing
Babbling
Protoforms- mutally recognized signals |
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Term
| Eriksons Psychosocial Theory |
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Definition
Believed Freud misjudged some important dimensions of human development
Psychosocial (not psychosexual) stages reflect the social rather than sexual nature
Emphasized change through life span, 8 stages of development
Combines both internal psych. and external social factors |
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Term
| Evaluating Eriksons Theory |
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Definition
The important of viewing development as a life long process
Moved us away from Freuds emphais on sexuality
Stressed understadning the important of successfully resolving different socio-emotional tasks at different points in our lives |
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Term
| Evolutionary Developmental Psychology |
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Definition
Seeks to understand adaptive value of human competencies
Studies cognitive, emotional, and social competencies as they change with age
Wants to understand the entire organism- environment system |
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Term
| Ethology- The Work of John Bowlby |
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Definition
A thoery with distinc evolutionary overtones
Innate behavioral tendencies- build in behaviors that are specially designed to promote attchments between infants and care givers |
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Term
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Definition
Automatic
Occurs in a narrowly delimited critical period
Irreversible
A critical period is an optimal time in development for certain capacities to emerge
Organism is especially responsive to a particular kind of environmental input |
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Term
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Definition
John Bowlby- Primary attchment theorist
-Pre-attachment phase
-Attachment-in-the-making
-Clear-cut attachment
-Goal-directed partnership |
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Term
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Definition
Babies us the caregiver as a secure base form which to explore the environment
Have caregivers who are sensitive to their signals and respond to needs |
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Term
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Definition
Babies show insecurity by avoiding the mother
Caregivers often dont respond to babies signals |
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Term
| Insecure ambivalent/ resistant |
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Definition
Often cling to the caregiver, then resist her by fighting against the closeness, perhaps by kicking or pushing away
Caregivers tend to be inconsistent |
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