Term
| Why do humans grow so slowly? |
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Definition
| head is big, lot's to learn |
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Term
| What develops during physical growth? |
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Definition
-muscles become longer and thicker
-layer of fat is added during first year to regulate temperature
-cartilage is replaced by bone (epiphyses) |
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Term
| cephalocaudal v.s. prostimodistal growth |
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Definition
Cephalocaudalgrowth (head to toe)
Proximodistalgrowth (center to extremities) |
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Term
| When does fastest growth rate occur? |
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Definition
| in first two years (weight doubles from birth to 5 months) |
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Term
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Definition
Changes in physical development from one generation to the next
-average height and weight is increasing with generations |
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Term
| Mechanisms of physical growth |
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Definition
-genetics, sleep (80% of growth hormones secreted)
-Adolescents' biological clock shifts ~tired later
-nutrition |
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Term
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Definition
-Breast milk is nutritionally better for baby, and also provides antibodies
- |
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Term
| how many neurons in brain? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
With development, more and more connections (synapses) are formed
-along with apoptosis |
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Term
| synaptic proliferation vs synaptic pruning |
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Definition
proliferation: too many synapses are made
pruning: The ones that receive little or no stimulation are gotten rid of |
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Term
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Definition
| myelin sheath, recycling waste, myelinization (first 2-3 years of life) |
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Term
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Definition
| flexibility when young, cells are not specialized |
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Term
| Experience independent growth |
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Definition
| brainstem develops without experience |
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Term
| Experience expectant growth |
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Definition
| brain expects it, so it grows quickly (ex: light sensitivity and language, triggered by environment) |
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Term
| Experience dependent growth |
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Definition
based on experience
eX: memory, stressful events |
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Term
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Definition
more exposure to diverse range of tastes; decrease pickyness
breast milk~ eat more diverse foods |
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Term
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Definition
-malnourished kids are more passive, inactive, and hard to engage (because they are trying to conserve energy)
-catchup growth: adequate nutrition, may still be brain damaged/learning difficulties |
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Term
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Definition
Marasmus: extreme malnutrition, not enough calories
Kwashiorkor: weight loss, swollen abdomen, not enough protein |
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Term
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Definition
| persistent refusal to eat and irrational fear of being overweight |
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Term
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Definition
| uncontrolled eating and purging |
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Term
| Top 5 killers of children |
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Definition
1. Pneumonia
2. diarrhea
3. measles
4. malaria
5. malnutrition |
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Term
| mortality rates of children |
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Definition
-decreased by 1/3 since 2009
-1990-2009; 12.4 million deaths to 8 million
-22k children die/day |
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Term
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Definition
Sensation: input from senses
Perception: how sensations are interpreted
most perceptual development occurs in infancy |
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Term
| common causes of death in children over age 1 year? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
habituation, novelty preference
get bored with old pictures |
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Term
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Definition
| sensors on scalp, measure brain activity |
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Term
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Definition
-difficult to taste and smell in utero (womb covers)
---they prefer smell of own amniotic fluid
-prefer sweet tastes, start swallowing at 12 weeks
-can "defend" against unpleasant smells
-no interest in salt until 6 months |
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Term
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Definition
-well developed at birth
8-9 weeks: sensitive mouth
14 weeks: most of body is sensitive
23 weeks: can feel pain and temp change
mouthing = common way of exploring, b/c so sensitive |
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Term
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Definition
22-24 weeks: respond to sounds, can hear sound in womb
vision: least developed sense
respond to light
acquity: how clearly can see |
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Term
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Definition
see bold, brighter colors better
red/green before blue/yellow |
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Term
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Definition
| like faces, complex patterns |
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Term
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Definition
focusing attention to things
6 months: can tell monkeys apart. cannot after 1 |
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Term
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Definition
4 months
visual difference -> plexiglass on "shelves," call over. use parents' emotions to guide behavior
-can see depth, but my not be relevant until they can move themselves around |
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Term
| Kinetic cues (looming vs motion parallax) |
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Definition
Looming (something you're looking at becomes closer to you)
Motion parallax (closer to you, seems to move more quickly) |
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Term
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Definition
each eye - slightly different view
Random dot stereograms
ex: 3D movies |
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Term
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Definition
linear perspective/texture gradient
-compare reaching behavior, with 1 or 2 eyes
(pick what ones look "closer") |
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Term
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Definition
-present at birth, can localize sounds
-prefer complex sounds
-prefer human voices
"parantese"/infant director speech
(Enunciate, baby talk -> contribute to language dev.) |
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Term
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Definition
-coordination of more than 1 sense
---Cross-modal transfer: nubby pacifer study ~ can recognize things they feel
---cross-modal matching: match sounds with visual stimulation |
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Term
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Definition
5 months
more senses = pay more attention (intersensory redundancy)
ex: pay more attention if see people that are talkimg |
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Term
| What is cognitive development? |
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Definition
| intelligence, reasoning, memory, inferences |
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Term
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Definition
-father of cognitive development
-worked on intelligence tests ("little scientists")
-discontinuous stage theory; invariant and universal |
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Term
| Assimilation vs Accomodation vs equilibration |
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Definition
assimilation: new info - interpret into schema
--see camel, say it's a horse
accomodation: restructure schemes to account for new info
ex: it's a camel, not a horse
equilibration: balance assimilation and accomodation |
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Term
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Definition
thought = senses and motor skills
-shift from reflexes to goal-oriented behavior
-develop memory, sense of past
-object permanence
~A not B error @ 8 months -> look in place object was before
----other explanations: hand is used to reaching in particular place, or frontal lobe is not fully developed; therefore, no impulse control |
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Term
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Definition
form mental representations, because of symbolism
-pretend play increase + language development
-picture symbols
-egocentricism: no ability to understand others' views
-animacy: things not living are alive
-conservation |
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Term
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Definition
logic for concrete/not abstract things
-accomplish things could not before
-transitivie inference: what is bigger?
--can only solve with visual info, not algebra |
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Term
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Definition
-logic ~ science
-abstract thought
-hypothesis-deductive reasoning, scientific method
-pendullum problem: figure out what determines how fast pendulum swings
propositional logic: judge whether something is logical, without looking at context (regardless of experience) |
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Term
| issues of piaget's theories |
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Definition
-overestimated regardless of experience, because adults do not always use logic to solve problems, sometimes emotion
underestimates kids in first three stages
components too vague to test
too much variability |
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Term
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Definition
Social context of cognition
SCAFFOLDING: parents support and build skills
zone of proximal development: range in which children can solve a problem without help
Private speech: talk out loud to solve a problem |
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Term
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Definition
Vygotsky
parents support and build skills |
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Term
| Zone of proximal development |
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Definition
Vygotsky
range in which children can solve a problem without help |
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Term
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Definition
Vygotsky
talk out loud to solve problem |
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Term
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Definition
Vygotsky
different cultures have different learning techniquest and learn differently |
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Term
| Information processing theories |
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Definition
compare the brain to a computer
get new info, process, task analysis,
hardware: memory and speed
software: strategies, control processes
encoding: info into memory in form we understand, sometimes automatic
processing speed/reaction time increases with age |
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Term
| 3 important features of memory that exist, according to Rovee Collier's experiments... |
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Definition
1. an event from the past is remembered
2. over time, the event can no longer be recalled
3. a cue can serve to dredge up a forgotten memory |
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Term
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Definition
| cartilage is replaced by bone |
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Term
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Definition
rapid physical change -> growth spurt, breasts, testes, etc.
marks adolescence |
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Term
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Definition
| changes in physical development from one generation to the next |
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Term
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Definition
| inadequate nutrition, causes being small for age |
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Term
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Definition
| adequate nutrition, may still be brain damaged/learning difficulties |
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Term
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Definition
| extreme malnutrition, not enough calories |
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Term
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Definition
| weight loss, swollen abdomen, not enough protein |
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Term
| How does sleep contribute to growth? |
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Definition
-80% of growth hormone is secreted in sleep
-effects cognitive processes + attentiveness during school |
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Term
| What are the five main physical manifestations of puberty? |
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Definition
-menarche: onset of menstruation
-spermarche: first spontaneous ejaculation
-pubic hair
-breasts/ testes, scrotum
-growth spurt |
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Term
| psychological impact of puberty on girls |
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Definition
-more concerned about overall appearance
-early maturation: lack self-confidence, are less popular, more depressed, twice as likely to be sexually active |
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Term
| What are the pros and cons of breastfeeding vs. bottle feeding? |
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Definition
-human milk contains antibodies, carbs, fats, protein, etc. less prone to diarrhea and constipation. cannot be contaminated
bottle:
can be allergic
Cons: |
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Term
| Explain the origins of obesity, anorexia, and bulimia |
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Definition
obesity: heredity
environment
anorexia and bulimia: controlling parents, heredity, mood or selfesteem disorders, influence of peers |
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Term
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Definition
information is best presented when to more than one sense.
ex: hearing and vision |
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Term
| attention and how it improves |
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Definition
| oriented stimulus: startled, fixes eye on stimulus, heart rate and brain patterns change |
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Term
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Definition
hyperactivitY: unusually energetic and fidgety
-inattention: do not pay attention on one task
-inpulsivity: act before thinking |
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