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Knowledge is rooted in perceptual experience
information from senses -> knowledge |
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Experience is not the source of knowledge. innate knowledge, triggered by sensory experiences,
ex: child sees dog~ recognizes, no learning necessary |
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| Schools and parents have responsibility to teach children self-control, but too much control stifles individuality and makes them bad leaders. |
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| Once kids can talk and walk, kids = adults. work in factories- high fatality rates and low pay |
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| Original sing. Protect children, strict rearing. special teaching methods for children. want kids to have balance |
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TABULA RASA
Completely shaped by experience. Opposed physical punishment; compassion and praise instead. |
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NOBLE SAVAGES
innate sense of morality, corrupted by experience. Protect children, focus on needs - RESPONSIVE AND RECEPTIVE PARENTING |
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Definition
Study individual development, as well as species'
BABY BIOGRAPHIES - detailed stories of kids |
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| Industrial revolution. Pushed for studying kids. first to use questionnaires |
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Society for Research in Child Development
Promote child welfare + foster their development
Talk about research, ethical guidelines, etc |
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Term
| Applied Developmental Science |
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Definition
uses devlopmental research to promote healthy development
ensure consideration of policy issues + evaluate impact |
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Definition
organized set of ideas that is designed to explain and make predictions about development
leads to a hypothesis that is testable and can be rejected/confirmed |
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| The Biological Perspective |
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Definition
| Intellectual and personality development + physical/motor development are rooted in biology |
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Definition
Child Development reflects specific + prearranged schemes within body.
predetermined order of maturity. encouraged parents to let children develop naturally |
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Definition
Evolutionary perspective helps survival
adaptive behaviors are inherited
ex: crying, grasping, clinging -> elicit caregiving |
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| Why parents attached to children (because helps with survival) |
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Definition
time in development where a specific type of learning can take place
difficult/impossible to learn before/after this period
ex: geese study-> imprinting. follow first moving object they see. 22nd critical period |
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Definition
cannot be repeated, specific to individual
~better technology now, can study brain more
ex: cortisol levels in saliva measured |
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Definition
PSYCHODYNAMIC PERSPECTIVE
unconscious is important
early childhood counts as development, even if it is not remembered.
development is largely determined by how well people solve conflicts
unconscious forces motivate, need to resolve certain conflicts at certain ages
ID: primitive desire and drives
EGO: practical, rational components of personality
SUPEREGO: moral agent |
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Term
| Erickson's Psychosocial Theory |
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Definition
Trust v.s. mistrust - birth to one years ~ develop sense of world = safe
Autonomy v.s. shame/doubt: 1-3 years ~youre independent + can make own choices
Initiative v.s. Guilt: 3-6 years~ willingness to try new things, accept failure
Industry v.s. Inferiority: 6 yrs~learn basic skills and work w/ others
Identity v.s. identity confusion: adolescence~ lasting, integrated sense of self
Intimacy v.s. Isolation: young adult~ commit to another, loving relationship
Generativity v.s. Stagnation: mid-adult~ child rearing, productive work
Integrity v.s. Despair: late life~ view life as satisfactory and worth living |
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Definition
emphasizes role of experience
tabula rasa
only behavior is observable, not mental processes
reinforcement and punishment
observational learning ~ learn from watching others |
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Definition
OPERANT CONDITIONING
consequence determine repetition of behavior in future
add something aversive or withhold pleasant event |
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Definition
SOCIAL COGNITIVE THEORY
children actively try to understand world + what other people do
SELF-EFFICACY - view of self, given by experience
Belief about own talents and abilities
determines when children will imitate others
EX: child that sees self as being not athletic will not imitate Tiger Woods |
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Term
| The cognitive-developmental perspective |
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Definition
Focuses more on mental processes
problem-solving, memory, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
Thinking becomes more sophisticated with age
children try not make sense of their world
ex: what happens if i drop this spoon?
--if predicted does not occur, need to revise theory.
revise theories 3 times: age 2, age 7, before adolescence |
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Term
| Piaget's 4 stages of development |
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Definition
1. sensorymotor: birth-2 yrs~ info on world based on senses
2. preoperational: 2-6~ words + symbols, 1 perspective of world
3. Concrete Operational - 7-11, understanding/apply logical operations to experience forms of reality
4. Formal Operational: Adolescence- abstract thinking, hypotheses, deductive reasoning |
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Definition
| take from 1 milestone to the next |
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Definition
| why kids can grow up "well" in bad situations |
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Term
| basic research v.s. applied research |
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Definition
basic research: research for curiosity
applied research: research with background, intends to help people |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
| early childhood/preschool age |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Pre-natal: conception to birth
Neonate: newborn (0-10 mo)
Infancy: 0-3 yrs
Toddlers: 3 yrs
Early Childhood/Preschool Age: 2-6 yrs
5-7 Shift
Adolescence: 11-? |
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Term
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Definition
Know character of child
people in contact with child have impact
relationship with parent
MESOSYSTEM: interactions b/w ppl kids sees on regular basis
EXOSYSTEM: ppl that do not come into direct influence w/ kids. environment of parent, grandma's influence on mom, etc. less direct, but important
MACROSYSTEM: culture, neighborhood, social policies, etc.
CHRONOSYSTEM: time, historical period, age, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
work together, but how?
epigenetics: not all genes are active, environment activates.
EX: being able to survive during a famine increases heart disease |
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Term
| Continuity v.s Discontinuity |
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Definition
Continuous: adults are just more advanced versions of babies
Discontinuous: dramatic changes in babies life leads to maturity |
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Term
| Active v.s. Passive Child |
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Definition
Child influences own development
ex: outgoing kids are responded to differently than shy kids
kids make own decisions
actively figure out world, "little scientists" |
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Definition
brought into setting, more control over extraneous variables
may not act naturally
self report/parent report - questionnaires, surveys, etc |
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Term
| What are chromosomes and genes? |
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Definition
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Term
| Kinship + Adoption studies |
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Definition
KINSHIP STUDIES:
Twin studies
MZ twins share 100% genes
DZ twins share 50% of genes
Identical twins are not entirely identical~mutations after birth, not all genes are activated
ADOPTION STUDIES:
Are kids more similar to adopted or birth parents?
heritability coefficient:
.5 means 50% variation |
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Term
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Definition
the environment affects diff. ppl differently
-measure influence/affect of enviro. on indiv.
-genetically predispositioned to a range of reaction or "sensitivity" to situation. limited by genes |
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Term
| 3 ways genes are related to environment |
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Definition
1. Passive Genetic Environment Correlation
-because genes are similar to parents. relative to early years of life
ex: musical parents exposed kid to music at young age... therefore musical kid.
2. Reactive/Evocative Genetic-Enviro Correlation
-Different responses to different traits. Other people's reactions.
ex: developmental disorder -> treated differently
3.Active Genetic-Enviro Correlation
-Pick enviro. that matches genetic predisposition.
only active when can make own decisions
ex: genetic predisposition to drink. choose friends that drink |
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Term
| Passive Genetic-Environment Correlation |
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Definition
because genes are similar to parents. relative to early years of life
ex: musical parents exposed kid to music at young age... therefore musical kid. |
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Term
| Reactive/Evocative Genetic-Enviro Correlation |
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Definition
Different responses to different traits. Other people's reactions.
ex: developmental disorder -> treated differently |
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Term
| Active Genetic-Enviro Correlation |
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Definition
Pick enviro. that matches genetic predisposition.
only active when can make own decisions
ex: genetic predisposition to drink. choose friends that drink |
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Term
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Definition
later problems
environmental problems
genetics
timing = important
Child can learn + has senses before birth. Parenting begins before birth. Parents wellbeing and state affects baby.
History: thought womb protects baby
Preformationism: All traits evident from begining to develop. Environment does have an affect. baby is active in womb. currently trying to understand fetal behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| Environment does have affect on baby in prenatal stages. Baby is active in the womb. womb does not protect baby from all environmental factors. |
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Term
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Definition
Sex cells; formed by meiosis - 23 chromosomes from ea. parent.
~pregnancy within 1-2 days of egg being released |
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Term
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Definition
| 300 million released, 3 million make to uterus. |
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Term
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Definition
Zygote: fertilization to implantation. Period of cell division
blastocyst implants into uterine wall, secretes hormones to prevent pregnancy
Embyonic - specialization and organ development. most critical stage, life support system
Fetal - period of growth |
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Term
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Definition
fertilization to implatation. period of cell division
blastocyst implants to uterine wall, secretes hormones to prevent menstruation |
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Definition
Specialization + organ development
most critical stage, life support system |
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Term
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Definition
9-38 weeks. period of growth
1 inch by 8 weeks
5-6 inches by 16 weeks
mom can feel movements (quickening)
receives antibodies from mom
age of viability: 22-28 weeks
lung develop enough to survive without womb |
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Term
| Placenta, umbilical cord, amniotic sac |
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Definition
Placenta: blood vessels ~ exchange of materials between bloodstreams
umbilical cord: contains blood vessels, connects mother to child
Amniotic sac: membrane - fetus floats |
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Term
| proximodistal growth v.s. cephalocaudal growth |
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Definition
proximodistal: develop central of body to external
cephalocaudal: head to toe growth. |
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Term
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Definition
Cell division: 1 into 1 trillion cells
cell migration: move to right place
cell differentiation: stem cells- very flexible. can turn into anything. not specialized
cell death: produce more cells than needed |
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Term
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Definition
Ultrasound: painless, low risk, sound waves, create pictures, can identify physical problems.
Amniocentesis: fetal cells from amniotic fluid. can identify genetic + metabolic provlems. some risk, smaller later in pregnancy. very accurate, takes several weeks for results |
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Term
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Definition
Nutrition: adequate food, protein, vitamins, minerals, etc.
Stress: low oxygen to fetus, immune system, leads to risky behaviors
mother's age: more risky w/ young + old mothers
Teratogens: "monster makers"
disease, prescription drugs, alcohol, illegal drugs, pollution, radiation, etc. |
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Term
| Determinants of teratogens |
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Definition
individual differences
timing
impact depends on the dose
damage is not always evident at birth
attention/cognition difficulties
some teratogens pass through the placenta, others attack during birth. enviro. teratogens can be hard to avoid. hard to detect or invisible |
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Term
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Definition
| nutrition, weight gain~23-35 pounds, supportive system~family, friends, lower stress, community resources~classses |
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Term
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Definition
uterus contracts and squeezes the baby out
STAGE 1: dilation, lasts 4-16 hours
STAGE 2: expulsion, 5 minutes-2 hours
STAGE 3: Afterbirth, less than 1 hour
DELIVERY: setting can vary, different practices |
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Term
| How to adjust to parenthood |
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Definition
parents reorganize old routines
1/2 of all moms feel irritated, resentful
10-15% feel post partum depression |
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Term
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Definition
-Hypnoxia: lack of oxygen, leads to C-section
Preterm: born before 35 weeks
low birth weight: below 5.5 lbs
Small for gestational age (longerm problems)
-----Kangaroo care: can help. increase skin:skin contact |
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Term
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Definition
Assess physical condition, score 0-2
Appearance: color
Pulse: heart rate
Grimace: reflex irritability
Activity: muscle tone
Respiration: respiratory effort
---measured within 1 minute, then 5 minutes
-7 or higher: no immediate danger
-less than 7: severe risk to life
-less than 4: emergency intervention needed |
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Term
| Historical v.s. current view of Infancy |
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Definition
HISTORICAL:William James-> one great buzzing confusion
CURRENT: infants have competencies!
-humans are ALTRICIAL (not self-sufficient at birth)
-We come into world with perceptual skills, reflexes, and basic learning capacities |
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Term
| Historical v.s. current view of Infancy |
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Definition
HISTORICAL:William James-> one great buzzing confusion
CURRENT: infants have competencies!
-humans are ALTRICIAL (not self-sufficient at birth)
-We come into world with perceptual skills, reflexes, and basic learning capacities |
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Term
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Definition
Humans are not self-sufficient at birht
ex: takes human 1 year to walk. horses take few minutes |
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Term
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Definition
Humans are not self-sufficient at birht
ex: takes human 1 year to walk. horses take few minutes |
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Term
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Definition
Inborn, automatic responses to specific forms of stimulation (unlearned)
some have evolutionary value
SUCKING: suck when something in mouth
ROOTING: turn toward stroking on cheek
EYEBLINK: permanent
STEPPING: walk when feet on ground
SWIMMING: swim if face down in water
BABINSKI: toes extend when feet stroked
GRASPING
MORO: arch back if head drops or loud sound
FENCING: if on back + head is turned, "fencing" position |
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Term
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Definition
| suck when something in mouth |
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Definition
| turn toward stroking on cheek |
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Definition
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Definition
| swim if face down in water |
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Definition
| toes extend when feet stroked |
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Definition
| arch back if head drops or loud sound |
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Definition
| if on back + head is turned, "fencing" position |
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Term
| Newborn states of arousal |
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Definition
-Regular sleep (REM) 8-9 hrs/day
-Irregular sleep (REM)
-Drowsiness
-Quiet alertness~just walk ppl do stuff
-Waking activity
-Crying |
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Term
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Definition
Sudden infant death syndrome
less than 1 yr old, dies
2-3 times more likely to die-smoking
overheated
stupidity |
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Term
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Definition
-recognize what events tend to occur together
-notice patterns in environment
-survival value |
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Term
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Definition
| -Behavior decreases or increases w/ punishment/reward |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
habituation
prefer new stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
| imitate facial expressions |
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Term
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Definition
| related by blood, marriage, or adoption that feed, shelter, and nurture each other |
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Term
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Definition
Evolutionary: enhances survival
Reproduction: replace dead members
Economic services: distribution of services
Socialization: training to find into society
Emotional Support: nurturing
CHANGE OF FUNCTIONS:
-infancy/childhood: socialize, nurture, protect
-Adolescence: support, guide |
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Term
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Definition
Undirectional: effect of mother on child
Bi-directional: effects parents on child and vice versa
Family systems: all members affect e/o |
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Term
| Vertical v.s. Horizontal relationships |
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Definition
VERTICAL: with people w/ more knowledge/power; emerge early
HORIZONTAL: equal power; emerge later (3+ yrs) |
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Term
| Baumrid's Parenting Styles |
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Definition
Control v.s. Warmth
WARMTH: emotion expressions of liking, reciprocal interactions, use of reason
CONTROL: have + state expectations, monitor behav., confront child
Authoritative: High control, High involvement
Permissive: Low control, High Involvement
Authoritarian: Low involvement, high control
Uninvolved: Low control, low involvement |
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Term
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Definition
Focus on kid's + adults' needs. most effective
high expectations for child, enforce
high warmth/responsiveness=nurturing, listen to kids' p.o.v.
CHILD OUTCOMES: friendly, self-control, good grades, internalized morals |
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Term
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Definition
Focus on adult's needs only
high control, firm enforcement
Low warmth-low nurture, does not value child's input
CHILD OUTCOMES: unhappy, insecure, less socially adept, morals not internalized
-better school achievement |
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Term
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Definition
Low control, child-centered, overly tolerant
-more common, b/c scared of child abuse. disciplines=punishment
-allow children to make own decisions, few responsibilities
CHILD OUTCOMES: inflated self-esteem, impulsive, antisocial, rebellious, hostile, no self-control, low goal, bad grades |
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Term
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Definition
Parent-centered. minimum effort
low control, overly permissive, keep kids at distance
child neglect, if extreme
CHILD OUTCOMES: low frustration tolerance, more delinquency, no control. attachment issues
if neglect-> developmental problems |
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Term
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Definition
Attempt to alter behavior or attitudes
-not the same as punishment |
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Term
| Compliance v.s. internalization |
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Definition
OBEDIANCE
Compliance: due to external pressure
Internalization: obey because of morals |
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Term
| Direct instruction, observing, feedback, negative reinforcement trap |
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Definition
DISCIPLINE STRTEGIES
Direct Instruction: tell kids baht you want and why
Observing: learn what should not be done
Feedback: reinforcement + punishment. tell why and give alternatives to behavior
NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT TRAP: reinforce behavior that is unwanted, accidentally |
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Term
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Definition
-not more likely to be spoiled, well adjusted
-higher self-esteem, and achievement motivation
-china's one child policy (1970)
---pay gov't to have one more than 1 child |
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Term
| Types of Child Maltreatment + statistics |
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Definition
Physical abuse, sexual abuse, psychological abuse, physical neglect, emotional neglect
-majority are neglected (60%) |
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Term
| Parent characteristics of abusers |
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Definition
-high stress
-10% are psychologically disturbed
-Strong belief in physical discipline
-Unreasonable expectations of child behav. |
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Term
| child characteristics of abuse |
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Definition
premature, sick, disabled
difficult temperament, inattentiveness, high activity levels |
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Term
| Family characteristics of abuse |
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Definition
| poverty, low income, marital problems, social isolation, physical abuse in family, frequent moves, overcrowded conditions |
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Term
| Community characteristic of abusive families |
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Definition
social isolation
few resources-park, social services, child care centers, churches, etc. |
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Term
| Cultural characteristics on abuse |
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Definition
Switzerland- cant spank kids
media-> violence, etc.
lack of concern about abuse
-Ex: 1950's |
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Term
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Definition
All levels of development affected
learning + school difficulties
depression, social issues, low self-esteem, high anxiety, substance abuse, etc.
Abused kids can recognize anger sooner than non abused kids |
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Term
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Definition
address all risk factors
make social services more available
try to change culture
Parents Anonymous-> group therapy to show how to not to abuse kids anymore
home visits
reduce poverty level |
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Term
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Definition
increase dramatically until 1980's
1/2 of all marriages end in divorce
affects child's conduct, school achievement, self-concept, etc.
conflict b/w parents, loss of parental rolemodels, $ issues
change/transitions=stress |
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Term
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Definition
skin lacks melanin, which causes visual problems and extreme sensitivity to light
recessive alleles |
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Term
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Definition
excess mucos clogs respiratory and digestive tracts. lung infections common
Recessive alleles |
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Term
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Definition
Phenylanaline accumulates in body and damages nervous system, causing mental retardation
Recessive alleles |
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Term
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Definition
most children come from previous heterosexual relationships
--donors, adoption, fostering, for rest
just as committed to parenting
to avoid social stigma, conceal parents' sexuality.
gay father may be better at setting limits |
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Term
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Definition
80% american kids have 1+ sibling
influence one another's development
playmates, support, caregiving
mutual conflict, irritation, competition
get along better if parents treat them similarly
parents that get along well-> sibs get along well
Temperamental similarities get along better
divorced family= increase sib rivalry |
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Term
| Development of Sibling Relationships |
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Definition
new sibling brings resentment, empathy, caring
relationship focuses on play and conversation, when close in age
help acquire social and problem-solving skills |
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