What is an example of Comparing cultures?

Individualism vs. Collectivism

• Individualism:
      - personal goals = most important
      - individual sense of self
      - independence
   ex. care more about self
              -america
              - western europe 
• Collectivism:
      - group goals = most important
      - group centered sense of self
      - interdependence
  ex. care more about family 
           - china
           - south america 

• language
• food
• religion
• roles for gender

• Individualistic:
    - personal choice
    - intrinsic motivation (refers to the motivation that comes from within an individual rather than external things like money or grades) 
    - self-esteem 
    - self- maximization (someone's distinct individuality or identity)
• Collectivistic:
    - connectedness to family
    - orientation to larger groups
    - respect & obedience 

Individualistic: more observent

Collectivistic: very authoritarian; connectedness

Ethnic groups

Religious groups

Socioeconomic status (SES)

Socioeconomic Status

•  Group with similar:
       -education level
       - occupation
       - economic characteristics 

What does SES impact?

• family life (instability, conflict, stress)
• neighborhoods where children live (dangerous)
• schools
• access to resources (ex. healthcare, mental health)

Characteristics rooted in cultural heritage

• nationality (ancestors)
• race
• religion
• language

• Ethnic Identity: how strong someone identifies with their ethnic group
• Minority Status: The struggle to gain equality, recognition, and acceptance within a majority culture. 

• 17% of families in US are in poverty
• Ethnic minority families overrepresented
     - 33% African American
     - 27% Latino
     - 10% White 

• more family conflict
• less social support
• less access to education; parents less involved
• more crowded, lower quality house
• dangerous neighborhood

• group differences often disappear
• different trends (show positive outcomes)
  
  *negative factors may influence outcomes
        ex. prejudice, discrimination, & white privilege 

the unjust or prejudicial treatment of different categories of individuals

* can cause:
- stress

-depression

-poorer physical health 

1. television & paper have my race on it

2. can be in a company with only my race

3. never asked to speak for the people of my racial group

4. find blemish /makeup for my skin

5. hardly have to think about white privilege 

• one reason for increased diversity
• immigration introduces many additional factors when examining development
      - language
      - seperation from social support
      - changes in employment, SES, geography
      - changes in ethnic identity and adapting to majority culture 

the cultural and psychological change that results following a meeting between cultures

ex. the indians and the pilgrims 

• Maintenance of original culture
   - the extent to which individuals value and wish to maintain their cultural identity.
• Contact- Participation-
    - the extent to which individuals value and seek out contact with those outside their own group, and wish to participate in the daily life of the larger society.

1. Integrated individuals
    - want to maintain their identity with home culture, but also want to take on some characteristics of the new culture
2. Assimilated Individuals
    - do not want to keep their identity from their home culture, but would rather take on all of the characteristics of the new culture.
3. Separated individuals
    - they want to separate themselves from the dominant culture
    - can be called segregation if it is forced separation 
4. Marginalized individuals
    - dont want anything to do with either the new culture or the old culture 

• language
• religious beliefs
• educational status
• beliefs
• customs
• social status
• media usage
• social relations
• gender roles

• may increase stress or conflict between two competing cultures
• reduction in social support (ex. family)
• specifically, in children:
     - conflict in family from cultural shift
     - children feel conflicted in their identities
     - parents may not acculturate as quickly as children
           -shift in power dynamics (ex. language)
           - clash in values 
• greater acculturation has been associated with:
      - reduction in stress related to variables such as language (ex. reducing language barriers)
      - more awareness of treatment options
      -however, some negative outcomes associated with greater acculturation
                  - poorer health
                  - increased stress, depression, & substance abuse
             

                                   Cultural maintenance 

                                   (yes)            (no)

contact participation(yes) / assimilation / integration

(no)                            /marginalization /     separation