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| The system of rules used by scientists to conduct and evaluate their research. |
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| A broad set of statements describing the relation between a phenomenon and the factors assumed to affect it. |
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| A predicted relation between a phenomenon and a factor assumed to affect it that is supported by a good deal of scientific evidence. |
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| A predicted relation between a phenomenon and a factor assumed to affect it that is not yet supported by a great deal of evidence. Hypotheses are tested in experimental investigations. |
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| A characteristic of scientific research; it requires that the procedures and subject matter of investigations be formulated so that they could, in principle, be agreed on by everyone. |
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| Research based solely on observations, with no attempt to determine systematic relations among the variables. |
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| Systematic observation of behaviour in natural settings. |
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| The effects of knowing that you are being observed. |
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| Observation of behaviour in settings that are controlled by the investigator. |
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| Collecting information through verbal reports, such as interviews or questionnaires. |
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| A research method that involves only a single individual often with a focus on a clinical issue. |
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| Any factor that can take on different values along a dimension. |
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| The relation between two variables, described in terms of direction and strength. |
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| A correlation in which two variables change in the same directions. |
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| A correlation in which tow variables change in opposite directions. |
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| Correlation coefficient (r) |
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| A number between +1.00 and -1.00 that indicates the direction and strength of a correlation between two variables. |
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| The variable in an experiment that is systematically manipulated. |
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| The variable that is predicted to be affected by an experimental manipulation. In psychology, usually some aspect of behaviour. |
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| Reversal-replication (ABAB) design |
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| An experimental design in which the independent variable is systematically presented and removed several times. Can be used in studies involving very few research participants. |
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| Quasi-experimental studies |
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| Comparison of groups differing on some important characteristic. |
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| A research method in which the same individuals are studied repeatedly over time. |
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| A research method in which people of different ages are studied simultaneously to examine the effects of age on some aspect of behaviour. |
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| A problem sometimes found in cross-sectional research in which people of a given age are affected by factors unique to their generation. |
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| A research method combining longitudinal and cross-sectional designs. |
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| A research method in which a small number of individuals are observed repeatedly in order to study an expected change in a developmental process. |
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| Research designed to determine the influences of culture on some aspect of development and in which culture typically serves as an independent variable. |
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| Study of a single culture from perspective of members of that culture, the goal being to identify the values and practices important to the culture. |
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| Methods of study employed in cultural psychology in which the researcher lives as a member of a culture and gathers information about the culture through various techniques (ie., observations, interviews) over an extended period of time. |
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| Research conducted with non-human species to provide information relevant to human development. |
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