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Definition
| a change in a species that increases chances of survival in a particular environment |
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| the process by which traits that are well adapted to an environment are selected through reproduction and become increasingly common in a species |
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| the development of species through structural changes over time |
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| Piaget's term for the first two years of life, when awareness of the world is limited to what can be known through sensory awareness and motor acts |
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Definition
| Piaget's term for the period when children have mental representation but do not yet reason logically or systematically |
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| concrete operational period |
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| Piaget's term for the period when children bein to use logical operations to reason about concrete objects |
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| formal operational period |
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| Piaget's term for the period when children gain the ability to reason systematically about abstract issues and hypothetical problems |
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Definition
| a theory that emphasizes the learning of behaviors through associations with different kinds of consequences, especially in a social context |
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| learning my imitation others' behavior, especially behavior that has been observed to have positive consequences |
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| Bowbly's developmental theory, which integrates ideas from evolutionary, psychoanlytic and cognitive theories to explain the development and impact of early attachment relationships |
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| an eduring emotional tie between infant and caregiver |
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| negative reactions of infants when the caregiver temporarily leaves |
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| positive reactions of infants when the caregiver appears |
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| behavior in which the infant uses the caregiver as a base for exploration |
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| the process by which children acquire the rules, standards, and values of a culture |
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Definition
| the tendency to consider only one piece of information when multiple pieces are relevant |
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| appearance-reality problem |
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Definition
| the tendency to define reality by surface appearances |
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Definition
| the inability to take the perspective of another person |
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Definition
| a parenting style in which the parents are nurturant, responsive, and supportive, yet set firm limits for their children |
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| a parenting style in which parents fail to set firm limits or to require appropriately mature behavior of their children |
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| a parenting style in which parents are unresponsive, inflexible, and harsh in controlling behavior |
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| the capacity to think about thinking |
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| Freud's term for middle childhood, the period in which sexual urges lie relatively dormant |
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| in Erikson's theory, the basic belief in one's own competence |
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| a sense of an integrated coherent, and goal-directed self |
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