Term
|
Definition
Simple, unlearned stimulus-response sequences that are common to all members of a species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Awake/sleep cycles are more affected by hunger than by day and night - Spend a lot more time in REM sleep which promotes CNS development and protects the eye (increased movement)
- Can look at the sleep cycle of a baby as an indicator of health and development
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- First way that babies communicate with their parents for food, comfort, and stimulation - Different cries mean different things - Fucked up cries can be a sign of a problem |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Vision is the least well developed at birth (20/600) - Retinal cells are less developed and less densely packed - Adult-like color vision comes in at 4 months - Less developed optic nerve and optic centers of brain - Eye muscles less developed, hard for infants to control eye movement - 20/20 vision at 7 months |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Can discriminate sweet, sour, salty, and bitter - We can tell this by facial expressions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Can distinguish betweengood and bad smells - Show a directional response towards odors
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Begin to hear in the 7th prenatal month - Click study: infants orient towards sound, shows hearing at birth - Nonnutritive sucking shows infants prefer the sound of their mother's voices to strangers - Did not show same results with dad's voice - At birth, prefer complex sounds to simple ones, helps with acquiring language |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A state of feeling that arises when an individual evaluates an event in a specific way
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Happines: smiles, social smile @ 2 months, laughs @ 4 months - Sadness: cries, looks sad @ 6-7 months - Fear: develops @ 6-7 months, especially of strangers - Anger: @ 4 months (arm restraint study) |
|
|
Term
Study: Do Different Smiles Represent Different Emotions (Types of Smiles) |
|
Definition
1. Simple smile: all in mouth, contraction of lips in corner 2. Duchenne smile: corner lip contraction and contraction of muscles around eyes 3. Play smile: widening of mouth, jaw drops down 4. Duplay smile: mouth opens, jaw drops, contraction of muscles around eyes |
|
|
Term
| Study: Do Different Smiles Represent Different Emotions |
|
Definition
Setup: played peek-a-boo and tickle (games w/ build up and climax) with 6 + 12 month olds Results: Duplay and play smiles were seen more often in climax than in set up, shows enjoymet of buildup after several rounds of a game Conclusions: different smiles represetn different emotions, different smiles/emotions are context dependent |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- A test of infant's emotional regulation - Phase 1: 2 minutes of regular interaction - Phase 2: 2 minutes of still face from caregiver - Phase 3: resume regular interaction - Shows that infant and mother have a cycle (bidirectional) that promotes regulation, if this cycle is throw off baby will cry
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Miscoordination between baby and mother in the emotional regulation cycle
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Babies look to caregiver for cues how to react - Tested in visual cliff experiment |
|
|
Term
| Bowlby's Theory of Attachment |
|
Definition
- The relationship that develops attachment is bidirectional - The caregiver gives off signals that keeps the baby nearby and the baby gives off signals that keep the caregiver nearby - This relationship develops over time |
|
|
Term
| The Stages of Attachment - Asocial |
|
Definition
- 0-6 weeks - Not much preference for people - Don't act like they care that you're around |
|
|
Term
The Stages of Attachment - Indiscriminant |
|
Definition
- 6 weeks to 6-7 months - Prefer people to other things, but any person will do - Babies are in love with the world at this stage, they are smiley and happy to see anyone |
|
|
Term
| Stages of Attachment - Specific Attachment |
|
Definition
- Starts at 6-7 months - Preference for one person, the primary caregiver - Begin to fear strangers |
|
|
Term
| Stages of Attachment - Multiple Attachments |
|
Definition
- 8 months and on - Preference for more than one person - These people they get attached to are people they've spent a lot of time with already |
|
|
Term
| What is Attachment Based on? |
|
Definition
- Trust - Expectation of behavior - Consistency of behavior - Adult's ability to provide for child's needs - Child's ability to signal their needs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- A way to test how a baby is attached 1. E + P + B enter room, introduced to play are 2. E leaves, P + B play 3. S enters, P + S talk, B plays 4. P leaves, S comforts B if necessary + tries to play w/ B 5. P comes back, comforts B if necessary, S leaves 6. P leaves, B is alone 7. S comes back, tries to comfort B 8. P comes back, tries to comfort B, tries to play with B |
|
|
Term
| Types of Attachment - Securely Attached |
|
Definition
- 60% - Sharing between child and mother - Freely explore while parent is present - Friendly to stranger when parent is present - Don't like separation, cannot be soothed by stranger - Seek comfort when parent returns, crying is immediately reduced |
|
|
Term
| Types of Attachment - Avoidant |
|
Definition
- 15% - Infants unresponsive to parent when present - Independent exploration - Will be friendly to stranger, don't have stranger anxiety - During reunion avoid or are slow togreet parent - Not distressed when parent leaves |
|
|
Term
| Types of Attachment - Resistant |
|
Definition
- 10% - Difficulty separating to explore - Wary of stranger, don't like being left alone - Reunion: difficult to settle down - Kids give mixed signals - Contact doesn't provide comfort |
|
|
Term
Types of Attachment - Disoriented/Disorganized |
|
Definition
- 15% - Frozen or dazed in many phases of strange situation - Unpredictable behavior |
|
|
Term
What Makes a Baby Get Attached In a Certain Way? |
|
Definition
- Belsky - Secure: sensitive caregivers, good at reading infant's signals, predictable - Avoidant: intrusive parents, badly timed, inappropriate interactions - Resistant: under involved with poorly timed interactions - Disoriented: completely unpredictable caregiver, caregiver is a source of love and fear, these kids are most likely to become victims of abuse |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Set of expectation/ ideas about how relationships work |
|
|
Term
| Study of Internal Working Model |
|
Definition
- Habituated baby to a relationship with pictures - In test phase there are 2 outcomes, one sensitive and one non sensitive - Securely attached babies will look longer at the non sensitive outcome - Insecurely attached babies do not look longer |
|
|
