Physical Development four main areas

Gross Motor

Flexibility

Balance

Agility

Force

Physical Development

Fine motor

organization

detail in drawings

more refined legible handwriting

linked with cognitive growth

Rough and Tumble Play

Some parent control has hurt rough and tumble play

It is a physical and social thing for boys

Key Physical Developmental Aspect in Middle Childhood

Refinement

lack of knowledge

tendency to buy high fat low cost foods

family stress (overeating)

• physical attractiveness
• socially isolated
• high emotional social and school difficulties
• more behavior problems
• can lead to serious disorders (defiance aggression and depression)
• girls-early puberty

Cognitive Development

Concrete Operational Stage

7-11 years old

More logical, flexible, and organized

focusing on several aspects of a problem and relating them rather than centering on just one

capacity to think through a series of steps and then mentally reverse direction returning to the starting point

the ability to focus on relations between a general category and two specific categories at one time (ie. three relations at once)

ex. categorized pictures in class

ability to order items in a quantitative dimension such as length or weight.

ex. paper strips. short to long

seriation-

transitive inference

WHEN those tasks can be mastered.

more formal school=earlier mastery of tasks

information processing

(computer model)

1. Sensory register (info enters through our senses)

2. short term/working memory (we manipulate info to help store it)

3. central executive (directs the flow of information/coordinates and assimilates new info

4. long-term memory (permanent knowledge)

young children are not sure what is important and what is relevant

young elementary- not consistent and efficient

older elementary- more organized and able to rehearse and elaborate upon info.

analytical 

creative

practical

analytical

apply strategies

acquire task relevant and metacognitive knowledge

engage in self-regulation

solve novel problems

make processing skills automatic to free working memory for complex thinking

1. Linguistic

2. Logial/mathematical

3. musical

4. spatial/visual

5. kinesthetic

6. naturalist

7.interpersonal

8.intrapersonal

nature vs. nurture 

impacts on intelligence

nature-- 60% genetically determined

nurture-- highly linked to child's family SES

weschler

stanford-binet

1. verbal

2. performance

authoritarian  (high demand--low responsiveness)

authoritative (high demand-- high responsiveness)

permissive (low demand-- high responsiveness)

neglect (low/no demand-- low/no responsiveness)

companionship and competition 

leadership and dependence

stressors often=changes in parenting that are unhealthy (too permissive or strict)

loss of income= less academic achievement for the child

response of schools can impact support for families

1. before and after school care

2. flexible assignments

major change between 8-11

emphasize general competencies

adjusts to more realistic level

tied to specific abilites

attributions (mastery oriented, learned helplessness)

children gain strategies for coping with strong emotions

1. problem solving

2. emotion focused

major advances occur

helps make improvements in social settings such as sports and in moral decision making

academic 

social

physical/athletic

physical apperance

equity

merit

benevolence