Term
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Definition
| includes the biological changes that occur in the body, including changes in size and strength, as well as the integration of sensory and motor activities. It involves the development of both fine motor skills and gross motor skills. |
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Term
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Definition
| includes changes in the way we think, understand, and reason about the worlds. It includes the accumulation of knowledge as well as the way we use that information for problem solving and decision making. |
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Term
| • Social-emotional development |
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Definition
| includes all the ways that we connect to other individuals, as well as the ways we understand our emotions and the emotions of others. It includes learning how to interact effectively with others and how to regulate our emotions. |
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Definition
| changes in the overall nature of what you are examining |
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Term
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Definition
changes in the amount of what you are measuring
-Children get taller, learn more words, acquire more factual knowledge |
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Term
| • Achievement and ability tests |
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Definition
| measure intellectual ability and cognitive functioning. They allow the performance of an individual to be compared to the performance of similar individuals so that you can make a relative judgment on the individual’s performance. |
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Term
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Definition
evaluate the thoughts, emotions, attitudes, and behavioral traits that comprise personality and can be used to identify strengths, weaknesses, and disorders.
- A particular type of personality assessment is a projective test in which people are given an ambiguous stimulus and asked to interpret what they see or what they think is going on. It is based on the idea that people will project aspects of their own personality onto external stimuli. |
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Term
| • Neuropsychological tests |
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Definition
| used to assess neurological functioning to identify problems or disorders, such as developmental delays. |
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Term
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Definition
Qualitative: Freud 5 stages
Erikson 8 stages
Biology drives development and is affected by environmental experience |
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Definition
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Term
| Piaget’s cognitive theory |
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Definition
Qualitative: Piaget 4 stages
Biology drives development, and environment shapes it |
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Term
| Vygotsky’s cognitive theory |
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Definition
Quantitative
Environment, in the form of culture and social influence, drives development |
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Definition
Quantitative
Biology and environment interact |
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Term
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Definition
| Biology underlies adaptation to the environment |
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Term
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Definition
Quantitative
A nesting of environmental influences are also affected by a child’s biology |
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Term
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Definition
Quantitative
Biology is the focus of these theories, but environment influences biological development |
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Term
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Definition
| : thoughts and feelings about which we are unaware of |
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Term
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Definition
| one thinks of anything that comes to mind in relation to a dream or another thought in order to discover the contents of the unconscious mind |
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Term
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Definition
basic drives like sex and hunger
-Pleasure principle: id seeks immediate gratification for all urges |
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Term
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Definition
part of the personality that contends with the reality of the world and controls the basic drives
-Reality principle: ego has the ability to deal with the real world and not just drives and fantasy |
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Term
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Definition
| conscious or sense of right and wrong |
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Term
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Definition
Freud
0-2 years
-Focus of pleasure is on the mouth, taking in |
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Term
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Definition
Freud
2-3 years
-Focus of pleasure is on the anus, potty training |
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Definition
Freud
3-6 years
-Focus of pleasure is on the penis for boys, clitoris for girls, Oedipus and Electra crisis |
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Term
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Definition
Freud
6-12 years
-Sexual drive goes underground and gives energy to learning to be an adult, schooling |
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Term
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Definition
Freud
12 years and older
-Adult sexuality |
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Term
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Definition
Erikson
development of trust in maternal care and in one’s own ability to cope vs. homelessness |
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Term
| • Autonomy vs. shame and doubt |
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Definition
Erikson
independence and self-control vs. lack of confidence |
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Term
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Definition
Erikson
exuberant activity vs. overcontrol |
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Term
| • Industry vs. inferiority |
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Definition
Erikson
learning the tasks of one’s society vs. a sense of inadequacy |
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Term
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Definition
Erikson
ability to form close relationship vs. fear of losing the self |
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Term
| • Generativity vs. stagnation |
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Definition
Erikson
guiding the next generation vs. preoccupation with one’s own needs |
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Term
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Definition
Erikson
achievement of a sense of meaning in life vs. focus on fear of death |
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Term
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Definition
Behaviorism
The process by which a stimulus (the unconditioned stimulus) that naturally evokes a certain response (the unconditioned response) is paired repeatedly with a neutral stimulus. Eventually the neutral stimulus becomes the conditioned stimulus and evokes the same response, now called the conditioned response
-Pavlov’s dog salvation experiment
-Works best when CS is presented just before the UCS
-Usually involves learning involuntary responses |
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Term
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Definition
Behaviorism
The process that happens when the response that follows a behavior causes that behavior to happen more. A reinforcement or reward will increase the likelihood that the behavior will continue or happen again.
-The reinforcer must follow the response
-The reinforcer must follow immediately
-The reinforcer must be contingent on the response |
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Term
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Definition
Operant conditioning
increases the response with the presentation of a stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
Operant conditioning
increases a response through the removal of a stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
Operant conditioning
decreases the frequency of the response it follows |
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Term
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Definition
Cognitive Development
how we organize the world in our minds |
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Term
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Definition
Cognitive Development
changing the world to fit what we already know |
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Term
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Definition
Cognitive Development
changing our schemes to fit the world |
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Term
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Definition
Cognitive Development
attempt to resolve uncertainty |
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Term
| • Piaget's 4 Stages: Sensorimotor |
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Definition
birth- 2 years
-Infants take in information through their senses and their action upon the world. Lack of object permanence |
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Term
| • Piaget's 4 Stages: Preoperational |
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Definition
2-7 years
-Young children do not yet think logically, and their thinking is egocentric. Ability to use symbols and reference things not actually present |
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Term
| • Piaget's 4 Stages: Concrete operations |
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Definition
7-12 years
-Children now think logically, but their thinking is concrete and not abstract. Understand conversation |
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Term
| • Piaget's 4 Stages: Formal operations |
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Definition
12 years and older
-Adolescents can think both logically and abstractly
-Constructivism: humans actively construct their understanding of the world, rather than passively receiving knowledge. |
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Term
| • Zone of Proximal Development |
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Definition
Vygotsky Sociocultural Theory
the distance between the child’s independent abilities and what the child can do with a little help from someone more skilled or knowledgeable. |
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Term
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Definition
Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory
adults help the “construction” of the child’s understanding by providing guidance and support at the zone of proximal development to move the child just beyond his current level of capability |
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Term
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Definition
| The idea that information is processed through a series of mental locations |
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Term
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Definition
| the capacity for information that comes in through our senses to be retained for a very brief period of time in its raw form |
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Term
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Definition
| memory capacity that is limited to only a brief time but that also allows the mind to process information in order to move it into long-term memory |
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Term
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Definition
| the capacity for nearly permanent retention of memories |
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Term
| Connectionist/network Model |
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Definition
| The process is envisioned as a neural network that consists of concept nodes that are interconnected by links |
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Term
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Definition
| Darwin’s theory of evolution, Ethology, Sociobiology |
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Term
| • Darwin’s theory of evolution |
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Definition
| adaptation to the environment in order to pass on genes |
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Term
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Definition
| imprinting, bonding versus attachment |
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Term
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Definition
| the role of genes in social behavior and culture |
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Term
| Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Theory |
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Definition
| Individuals grow and develop within a nested set of influences |
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Term
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Definition
| the interaction of the person in her immediate settings, such as home, school, or friendship groups |
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Term
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Definition
| the interaction among the various settings in the microsystem, such as child’s school and home |
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Term
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Definition
| settings that the child never enters, but that affect the child’s development nevertheless, such as the parents’ place of work |
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Term
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Definition
| cultural norms that guide the nature of the organizations and places that makes up one’s everyday life |
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Term
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Definition
| the dimension of time, including one’s age and the time in history in which one lives |
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Term
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Definition
| Maturational theory, Dynamic systems theory, Neuropsychology, Behavioral genomics |
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Term
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Definition
| biological maturation with little emphasis on culture or individual differences |
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Term
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Definition
| biological maturation and environmental influences |
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Term
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Definition
| interaction of brain and behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| interaction between genes and behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| Primary goal of adding to our body of knowledge rather than having immediate, direct application |
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Term
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Definition
| Primary goal of solving problems or improving the human condition |
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Term
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Definition
• Hypothesis: a prediction, often based upon theoretical ideas or observations
• Operationalization: defining a concept in a way that allows it to be measured |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability of measure to produce consistent results |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability of a measure to accurately measure what it purports to |
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Term
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Definition
| Everyone in the category we are interested in studying or learning more about, but usually we cannot study an entire population so we use a sample |
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Term
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Definition
Advantages:Rich source of information
Can lead to a new hypotheses
Disadvantages:Can be confused with interpretation
Potential observer bias |
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Term
| Method: Surveys, questionnaires |
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Definition
Advantages: Gathers information quickly
Can be used to gather information on many different topics
Disadvantages: Questions must be precisely worded
Questions can be misleading or biased |
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Term
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Definition
Advantages: Can be a first-person or a third-person account
Disadvantages: No second observer to verify the information |
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Term
| Method: Standardized Tests |
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Definition
Advantages: Can asses many qualities or characteristics
Disadvantages: Norms need to be periodically updated
May be biased against certain groups |
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Term
| Method: Psychological measures |
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Definition
Advantages: Can gather data that don’t require language or an active response
Disadvantages:
Equipment is expensive and can be difficult to maintain |
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Term
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Definition
Advantages: Source of rich information
Can utilize multiple methods
Disadvantages: Information may have limited generalizability |
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Term
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Definition
Advantages: Can determine the cause of behavior
Disadvantages: Must ensure groups tested are comparable |
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Term
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Definition
• A measure of the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables
• There is not treatment assigned to different groups. The researcher examines whether variables that occur naturally are related to one another
• Causality cannot be inferred between variables |
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Term
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Definition
| increases in one variable are associated with increases in another variable -Negative correlation: increases |
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Term
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Definition
| increases in one variable are associated with decreases in another variable |
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Term
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Definition
• Research that follows one group of individuals over time and looks at the same or similar measures at each point of testing
Ex-6 year olds are tested again at age 8 |
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Term
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Definition
Research that uses multiple groups of participants who represent the age span of interest to the researcher
Ex-6 year olds are tested again at age 8 |
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Term
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Definition
| • Identification of particular genes to discover how these gens work within the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| • Determining the degree of genetic basis for a behavior, a trait, or an ability through studies of twins and adopted children |
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Term
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Definition
| • The fertilized egg that begins to divide into the cells that will develop into the embryo |
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Term
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Definition
| • The strands of genes that constitute the human genetic endowment |
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Term
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Definition
| • The order of the bases (adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine) determines which proteins are produced which make the body develop and perform all its activities |
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Term
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Definition
| • All of a person’s genes, including those that are active and those that are silent |
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Term
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Definition
| • The genetically based characteristics that are actually shown in one’s body |
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Term
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Definition
| • Common in African Americans, blood cells crescent shapes, very painful |
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Term
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Definition
| • Many genes interact together to produce a paricular trait or behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| • Any single gene can have many very different effects |
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Term
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Definition
One extra chromosome 21
Mental retardation, typical facial features, poor muscle tone
Physical, occupational, speech, and educational therapy |
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Term
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Definition
An extra X chromosome in men XXY in 23rd position
Infertility, small genitals, enlarged breasts, reduced facial, armpit, facial hair
Testosterone therapy, medical intervention as needed |
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Term
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Definition
A missing X chromosome in women XO in the 23rd position
Short stature, webbing of the neck, lack of development of ovaries
Estrogen replacement therapy, growth hormone administration is possible |
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Term
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Definition
One gene segment on the X chromosome CGG is repeated 200 times, rather than 5-40 times
Mental retardation and learning disabilities, distractibility and impulsivity
Early intervention, special education, treatment for ADHD |
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Term
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Definition
| • A system by which genes are activated or silenced in response to events or circumstances in the individual’s environment |
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Term
| Passive gene-environment interaction |
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Definition
| • When a child’s family shares his own genetically determined abilities and interests |
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Term
| Active gene-environment interaction |
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Definition
| • When one’s genetic endowment becomes a driving force for children to seek out experiences that fit their genetic endowments |
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Term
| Evocative gene-environment interaction |
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Definition
| • When children’s genetic endowment causes them to act in a way that draws out or “evokes” certain responses from those around them |
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Term
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Definition
0-2 weeks
-Fertilization, cell division, creation of the blastula, implantation in the uterine wall
-Blastocyst becomes embryo
-Trophoblast becomes placenta |
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Term
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Definition
2 weeks- 2 months
-Placenta develops to nourish the embryo
-3 layers:
Ectoderm (outside)- skin, nervous system
Mesoderm (middle)-muscle, blood, bones
Endoderm (inside)- internal organs
Heart begins to beat
-Miscarriage is common: 50-80% are due to chromosomal abnormalities |
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Term
| Cephalocaudal development |
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Definition
Part of the embryonic stage
development proceeds head to toe |
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Term
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Definition
Part of the embryonic stage
development is occurring rapidly and the organism is especially sensitive to determine |
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Term
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Definition
Part of the embryonic stage
development of internal organs |
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Term
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Definition
2 months- birth
-Sexual differentiation, prenatal “breathing”, development of the senses
-First 3 months: morning sickness due to hormonal changes, fatigue
-Second 3 months: woman feels the baby moving (“quickening”)
-Final 3 months: fatigue, discomfort, fetus drops into position for birth |
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Term
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Definition
• A sympathetic pregnancy in which a man experiences a variety of symptoms associated with pregnancy or childbirth while his partner is pregnant.
-Up to 65% of men experience weight gain, nausea, indigestion, mood swings, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
• Agents that can disrupt prenatal development and cause malformations or termination of the pregnancy:
- FAS: A range of impairments in a child resulting form consumption of alcohol during a pregnancy
- SIDS: Tobacco disrupting the prenatal development that causes the sudden death of the infant before age 1.
- Prescription drugs, illegal drugs, maternal disease and stress |
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Term
| Stages of Labor: First stage |
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Definition
Early Labor: contractions are usually not painful; cervix begins to thin out and dilate
-Active Labor: contractions become longer, stronger, and more frequent; cervix has dilated to 4cms; lasts on average 3 to 8 hours
-Transition: contractions come in rapid succession and last up to 90 seconds each; lasts 15 minutes to 3 hours; ends when cervix has dilated 10 cms |
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Term
| Stages of Labor: Second Stage |
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Definition
Urge to push
-Delivery of the baby |
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Term
| Stages of Labor: Third Stage |
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Definition
Delivery of the placenta
-Shortest length of time |
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Term
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Definition
| • An assessment of a newborn’s overall condition at 1 minute and 5 minutes after birth that is based upon the newborn’s activity level, pulse, grimace, appearance, and respiration |
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Term
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Definition
| • A trained, knowledgeable companion who is present at a birth to support the woman through her labor and delivery |
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Term
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Definition
| • A severe depression anytime in the first year after childbirth that lasts for more than 2 weeks, symptoms are severe enough that they interfere with the woman’s ability to function |
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Term
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Definition
| A full-term infant who weighs less than 5 pounds 4 ounces |
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Term
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Definition
| A birth that occurs before a gestational age of 37 weeks |
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