Drugs and Alcohol

* Why were drug and alcohol used?

*Why was use restrictions?

*What are the rules on drunkennes?

*Who used Mushrooms?

*Why use them?

Drugs and Alcohol were a pathway to the super natural/ World(In touch with the other World)

They did it to avoid dangerous display on power.

The elderly were only allowed to get drunk

Members of the upper class

To be able to see visions of thier future

The educated elite were the most respected group

They were historian, phylosophers and astronomas

The ones the were considered educated were the upper class- artist, priest and novility

HUMAN SACRIFICE

HUMAN BLOOD

It was the greates offering that could be done

It was the highest expression of religion devocion

HUMAN SACRIFICE

POLITICAL MOTIVATION

PRIMARY PURPOSE OF SACRIFICE: POLITICAL PURPOSE...TO SOLIDIFY THE EMPIRE....THEY GOVERNED THROUGH INTIMIDATION AND FEAR...WHEN THEY HAD AN OPPORTUNITY...
THEY WOULD MAKE A PUBLIC DISPLAY OF THE SACRIFICE...REMOVE SKIN OFF VICTIMS...OFF FACE AND HAND AND SEND IT AROUND TO WAVERING VILLAGES/CITIES...TO INTIMIDATE FRIENDS AND ENEMIES

 The political motivation for sacrifice was to scare the Mexica enemies and the Mexica sacrificed to scare their own people...in other words it was a method of control or having power over people

HUMAN SACRIFICE

RECIPROCITY

Reprocity: payment to the blood dead to the gods.

Reciprocity is the word used to explain one of the reasons the Mexica sacrificed people...it means that they felt they had a debt to the gods because the gods had given up their own lives to create life on earth so humans felt they owed the gods their lives or blood...this is reciprocity

MEXICAN MORAL CODE (DO'S AND DONT'S)

CAPITAL OFFENSES

MEXICAN MORAL CHARACTER 

(SLANDER)(DEFAMATION)

Slanders= lies that damage soneone reputation

the punishment was to cut off their lips

MEXICA POLITICAL SYSTEM

(TRIBUNAL SYSTEM)

Tribute was paid to Tenochtitlan by conquered city-states

The specific example of tribue were: GOLD, SILVER AND HAMUN BEINGS. 

The conquered has autonomy: THEY HAVE TO AGREE TO MEXICA RULE AND THE AZTECS WILL NOT INTERFIERE OF THE CONQUERED PEOPLE

What was religious requirments? YOU HAVE TO RECOGNIZE THE GOD OF WAR OR GOD OF SUN

political system is how they dealt with the tribes they conquered...Tribute was paid to Tenochtitlan/Aztecs by subject city-states (Gold,Silver,Human Beings, Towns were expected to provide soldiers, slaves, and victims)...Subject City-States were given considerable autonomy...People agreed to submit to Mexica sovereignty...The Mexica did not interfere much with the internal affairs and their customs...Some people say this was a weakness since it left people with a sense of independence..Huitzilopochtli had to be recognized as the supreme god...Otherwise local religious practices and traditions were respected

They were used for religious purposes

One song could last for two hours

They have to prefect "PERFECTION WAS A MUST"

It was disrespecful to the gods to make a mistake while playing an intrument 

1.- They were merchant class (BUSINESS OWNERS)

2.- They will  go on a business trip as fas as Central America

3.- They were spies for the military

4.- They were very family with foreigh languages and cultures

5.- Live in thier own neighborhood, have their own gods

6.- They were very powerful individuals

7.- They will passed hostile territories (enemies)

THE ROYAL FAMILY

(CHOOSING THE HEIR)

1.- It has to be a male from the royal family ( it could be any male from the royal family)

2.- whoever male has the more support will be a candidate

The Mexica/Aztec chose their heir by choosing the best male of the royal family...they did this to be able to choose the best leader for the empire and not be stuck with someone because they are next in line

1.- It was not hereditary

2.- Some slavery last for specified time

REASON FOR SLAVERY

DEBT

CRIME

THEY HAVE VOLUNTARY SLAVERY TO AVOID STARVATION 

TELPOCHCALLI

(THE EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM)

Attended by most of the other children, other than the upper class (boys and girls)

The purpose was the people who will be the comment class(carpenter ,manual labor jobs)

For boys they were trained to be warriors and trades

For females household duties adn motherhood 

MEXICAN SPIRITUALITY

AUTO SACRIFICE

Bleeding oneself by inserting a spine or sharp object into u body, It makes better to communicate withe gods

Auto-Sacrifice is the insertion of spines into parts of one’s body. This action was considered an offering to the gods and it was believed that it enhanced direct communication with them.

LEGEND OF TOPILITZIN QUETZALCOATL

(what does it teach us)

It teach us, that the body is sacred( u can realease the energy that is on the body) to the heavens

Remember that Topilitizn did not support human sacrifice but the priests did so a tension between supporters of human sacrifice and those who supported alternative methods worhsipping the gods existed...He arrives on the seacoast and weeps...He realizes that his earthly life has run its course...He sacrifices himself by cremation...From his ashes, rose all the precious birds, the cotinga, the spoonbill, the parrots…This episode points to the sacrality of the body...This episode points to the potential of returning the body’s energy to the heavenly forces that created it

They were the connecting point between the natural World and the super natural World, associated with waters and diseases asspciated with the rain gods

Mountains is why they were considered sacred to the Mexica/Aztecs...they are connecting points between the human and spirit world...they are the source of life giving water...they are associated with diseases connected to some of their gods

ENGINEERING AN EMPIRE

AQUEDUCTS

Aqueducts were built to access to more drinking water to feed the growing population 

An aqueduct is a water supply or navigable channel constructed to convey water. In modern engineering, the term is used for any system of pipes, ditches, canals, tunnels, and other structures used for this purpose

GROWING POPULATION REQUIRED A HIGH TECH SOLUTION TO PROVIDE MORE WATER TO THE PEOPLE...It was essentially TWO CHANNELS ...ONE WOULD BE CLEANED AND MAINTAINED WHILE THE OTHER WAS BEING USED...IT STREAMED WATER INTO PUBLIC FOUNTAINS OR RESERVOIRS
WATER WAS THEN DISTRIBUTED IN LARGE CLAY JARS OR CANOES

They were built to transport heavy materials to the main land.

DESCRIPTION : (It's a bridge about 45 feet wide, they were fill with stone and earth

The causeways allow the Aztects access to the mainland  

They were built to farm: to feed the growing population, to help the military expansion fo the empire.

CHINAMPA was an artificial island (STICKS FLOODING) in the water (IT TOOK THEM 8 DAYS TO BUILD A CHINANPA)

They can produce 7 per year in compared to 3 to 4 in the mainland 

They were created by weaving sticks, piling reeds on top of the sticks and adding a layer of mud.

A dike was built to protect against floods, and to protect the water sources.

They were 20 feet hight, 12 feet wide.

They help to control teh water level. Keep the fresh water from the salt water separate. 

THE CONQUET OF MEXICO

COMMON CONVERSION METHOD 

1.- their mouth was kept open with a wooden device

2.- pour water into their mouth until their stomach(belly) was full.

3.- spaniard will step on the indians until the blood mix with water will come out of the ears and eyes.

Reason Religion Conversion was important was because they believe if they controlled the mind/beliefs of the Indians they could more easily control their bodies (make them slaves)...The Spanished banned all Native religious roles and activities of all types..All who secretly upheld the old “pagan” way were punished or exterminated...They also used Church Schools...Aztec children were taught catechism to combat Indian religious beliefs and told to spy on their elders...Children were instructed to report parents who continued in the old ways

They used phychological tactics EX: Cortez goal was to prove that the christian God was more powerful.

Montezuma allowed Cortes into the capital because as a military leader, he saw the advantage of having the Spaniards in close quarters. He also let him in to learn about him.

The Mexica also saw war differently. Unlike Cortes, they were not about killing. they were about capturing.

Blood was precious to them, as we can relate it to the importance and symbolism in their sacrifices.

OCUPATIO

WHAT IS THE OCUPATIO?

Set of laws that translated to this consent. possesion in nine points of the law. 

This consent was used to satisfied the western 

(COMPLEX SET OF LAWS)

set of laws that states that possession is 9 points  of the law?

REASONS FOR SPANISH VICTORY

1.- They have weapons, ships, diseases, press, armor.horses, allies (team mates)

THE GOAL WAS NOT TO KILL THEIR ENEMIES BUT TO CAPTURE IN ORDER TO SACRIFICE THE CAPTURERS.

RELIGIOUS CONQUEST

WHY WAS THE RELIGIOUS CONVERSION A PRIORITY?

WHAT WERE INDIGENOUS CHILDREN TAUGHT AT CHURCH SCHOOLS?

The religions convertion was to be able to control the native labor force will be easy once they control their beliefs. They can cotrol thier bodies. 

Native religious roles and activities all types were banned

All who secrely uphelp the old "PAGAN" ways to punished or exterminated

Children were taught (Catholicism "chirstians") becuase children were easy to manipulate. "CHILDREN WERE TAUGHT IN SCHOOL TO SPY ON THEIR ELDERS"

SEGUNDONES

Second son "WHO WERE NOT ENTITLED TO THE FULL SHARE OF FAMILY WEALTH"

The goal of segundones ws to become HIDALGOS 
" hijos de algo"

THE WAS THEY BECAME HIDALGOS WAS TRU MILITARY ( TO PARTICIPATE IN WAR) 

AFRICAN SLAVES (CHILDREN OF)

children of black males and indigenous women to be declared free.

Children of black women were not given the similar privileges.

The children of male slaves and indigenous women would not be the property of slave masters.

Know that the children of Male African Salves and Indigenous/Indian Woman were declared free...so that what would happen is that most Black Male Slaves would choose Indian women as partners...this was seen by many as a way to resist slavery...at least their children would be born free...these are the rights that they had

AFRICAN SLAVES 

MARRIAGE RIGHTS

SPANIARDS REGOGNIZED HUMANITY OF SLAVES AND ACCORDED THEM SOME LEGAL RIGHTS

1.- The slaves were granted the right to select thier spouse without interference from master

2.- It became the gateway for children of slaves to gain their freedom

3.- Slave owners attempted to annul the slave marriage code

4.- The slave argued that their investment was lost within a generation

5.- The Slave masters were unsucessful

6.- The royal goverment's warning

7.- A slave master could penalized financially if a priest prove he prevented his slave form selecting a marriage partner

AFROMESTIZA (A WOMEN OF AFRICAN ANCESTRY)

"CLOTHING RESTRICTIONS"

An affromestiza who was married to a Spaniard of was of noble birth was forbidden to use traditional clothing of a noble Spanish woman 

She could not wear gold jewelry

She could not wear any chothing made of silk

She could not wear a pearl neckace with more than one strand

She can not wear her mantilla (veil) below her waist

IF SHE BROKE ANY THESE DECREES SHE COULD BE HUMILIATED IN PUBLIC AND ITEMS WOULD BE CONFISCATED

AFROMESTIZOS

(SOMEONE WITH AFRICAN ANCESTRY)

Free afromestizos were given the same legal privileges as mestizos

They were considered socially inferior to indians and mestizos bcs of their African heritage

They were forced to pay special taxes bcs they were part black

They were legally prohibited from walking on the roads at night

They could not carry weapons unless they worked as a guard for peninsular(spanish)

If Afromestizos, in Mexico City, could not pay their bills and became paupers (poor) they could be placed in indertured (paying for debt) servitude

ANTI-MISCEGENATION 

LAW (1575)

"LAWS THAT BANNED INTERRACIAL MARRIAGE"

The Spanish Crown began to reverse it liberal position on intermarriage

It began to institute anti-miscegenation laws

The crown penalized Spaniards of high social status who wished to marry indigenous women

You could be dismissed from you position if you disobeyed the decree

Within a few years the decre was expanded to all goverments employees 

Only the military was exempt

The spanish crown was still in the process of espanding its empire

Marriage was still a neccesary tool to solidify political among its indigenous subjects

Government employees were required to marry spouses born in Europe

Government employees who brok the decree were fired from their jobs

The government was creating an elite ruling class

They wanted individuals who ran the government to be "racial pure"

CASTA SYSTEM

A legal system that distinguished Mexico's population based on race

A legal system that denied and gave legal rights to individuals and assign them social status

The Casta System a legal system that distinguished Mexico’s population based on “race” and would assign social status or grant legal rights to individuals based on their membership to a “racial group.”

CASTA SYSTEM 

(FLEXIBILITY OF)

Children whose Spanish father was a HIGH SOCIAL STANDING (RIGH) but whose mother was a woman of color were often referred to as criollos

THESE CHILDREN were given the priviliges of criollos

A simmilar exemption was not afford to the common class

It was commond for parish priest to register mestizos babies (baptismal registry) as criollos by only including the ethnicity fo the father

Priest also registered afromestizo children (baptism registry) as criollos by only includiing the ethnicity fo the father 

The afromestizo children cound not appear black 

The baptismal registry method would grant these children the privileges of Spaniards.

CULTURAL FUNCTION OF MARRIAGE

1.- The children in a Spanish/Indigenous family would be raised in European culture and identify with spain

2.- The Spanish father would pass on his religion and culture to the children

3.- Marriage could be seen as an example of CULTURAL CONQUEST (replacing indigenous culture with European/Spanish culture)

ECONOMIC FUNCTION OF MARRIAGE

1.- Many interracial children were not being claimed/taken care of by their parents

2.- These children were considered orphans

3.- The church was resposible for taking care of orphaned children

4.- They began to encourage intermarriage 

5.- The Church's efforts in encouraging intermarriage was succeding.

IN 1527 THE CHURCH CONCLEDED THAT MANY ENCONMENDEROS WERE MARRYING THEIR CONCUBINES 

6.- Orphans continued to be a problem since ENCOMENDEROS had many concubines and many children were not provided for

THIS FORCED THE CHURCH TO OPEN MANY ORPHANAGES THROUGHOUT CENTRAL MEXICO

7.- Some have argued that the church encourage intermarriage as a method of saving money

ENCOMIENDA SYSTEM

1.- Agricultural estates carved out of land occupied by indigenous people

2.- This was an abuse of indigenous property rights

TRIBUTE(GIFT, PAYMENT, ACKNOWLEDGEMENT OF GRATITUTE) FROM INDIGENOUS PEOPLE WAS REQUIRED 

ENCOMIENDA SYSTEM WAS SEEN AS THE MOST EFFECTIVE METHOD OF ACCULTURATING THEM (MAKING THEM ADOPT EUROPEAN CULTURE)

I.- It was the responsability of the Spanish lord to teach them such things as Christianity

IT IS SOMEONE OF SPANISH AND INDIGENOUS ANCESTRY

1.- They enjoyed higher social pretige than indigenous people

2.- They were considered inferior to Spaniards 

3.- They were often ostracized by Spaniards and indigenous communities

4.- Mestizos were barred by royal decree from getting jobs in the royal and church goverments

5.- They could not become priest except in the frontier/northern zones

6.- Mestizos were allowed to  become priest in the frontier/northern zones becuase most of the parishioners were indias and mestizos

mestizo is and how they were treated...were individuals of Spanish and Indigenous ancestry. They enjoyed higher social prestige than indigenous people but were considered inferior to Spaniards. They were barred by royal decree from getting jobs in the royal and church governments. They were only allowed to become priests in the frontier/northern zones since most of the parishioners were Indians and mestizos. I know this is a lot so just have a little understand of this information

NOBLE SAVAGE DEBATE

(RESOLUTION)

1.- Enslavement of indigenous people was declared illegal in 1537

2.- The church supported the Crown's position that indigenous poeple needed to be governed and protected

3.- The Crown named the Church the legal protector of indigenous people

4.- The Crown gave the Church the responsability of Christianizing them and turning them into taxpayin subjects

5.- Officials were instructed to extended Indians their legal rights if they did not conflict with the crown's colonization plans

6.- If indigenous people resisted colonization they were not to be given any legal rights and could be enslaved.

POLITICAL FUNCTION OF MARRIAGE

It solidified alliance between Spaniards and indigenous tribes

Indigenous leaders did not like the practice of concubinage

The royal government hope that marriage between Spaniards and Indigenous women would make indigenous leaders happy

The political function of marriage was to strenghten the alliance between Spaniards and indigenous tribes...Indigenous leaders did not like the practice of concubinage...in other words they didn't like the spanish having sexual relations with their women and then living with them without marraige or having sexual relations and then leaving them...or forcing sex on them (rape)...The royal government (a.k.a. the Spaniards) hoped that marriage between Spaniards and Indigenous women would make indigenous leaders happy and the indigenous/Indian leaders would continue to give the Spanish soldiers to help them conquer the Americas

ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH'S POSITION ON SLAVERY

1. The catholic church , at first, supported slavery

2.- They felt it was a necessary if the colonies were to be sucessful

3.- it was a popular belief that one black person could do the work of four indigenous people

4.- By the mid-1600s mexican residents had nearly ceased importing slaves

5.- The slowdown in slave importation was due largely to the activism of the Catholic Church 

6.- In 1573 missionaries urged the crown to prohibit the sale of slaves in the New World 

7.- In 1573 missionaries condemned the slaved trade

BLACKS IN LATIN AMERICA

WHAT ARE SOME CLUES OR PIECES OF EVIDENCE OF AFRICAN PRESENTE IN MEXICO?

THE DANCE (LA BAMBA), FOOD(MOGO, YUCA) THE DIALECT (ACENTO) "THE BULL REPRESENTS FREEDOM"

WALLS WERE BUILT WITH CORALS

BLACKS IN LATIN AMERICA

WHO AND WHAT IS YANGA? WHY IS YANGA SIGNIFICANT/IMPORTANT

FAMOUS REBELDE/LEADER (SLAVE), HE IS I MPORTANT BCS HE FORMED THE FIRST AFRICAN INDEPENDENT TOWN (FREE BACK TOWN)

The significance of the town of Yanga was that it is considered the first town in all of the Americas to be founded by free black people...it is a symbol of victory/resistance

BLACKS IN LATIN AMERICA

WHAT HAVE THE PEOPLE OF COSTA CHICA DONE TO RAISE BLACK CONSCOUSNESS?

BLACK IN LATIN AMERICA

HOW ARE AFRICAN-MEXICANS TREATED IN MODERN MEXICO? WHAT TYPES OF DISCRIMINATION/RACISM DO THEY FACE?

When they go to a big city they are stop and ask fo ID card, they make accusation that they are coming from cuba. 

They make this comment of " HE WAS BORN BLACK BUT WE LOVE HIM"

they are also make to sing the anthem more

SECRETS OF DEAD

"THE AZTEC MASSACRE"

4.-WHY DID THE MEXICA (AZTECS)PUBLICLY DISPLAY SACRIFICIAL VICTIMS?

To intimidate the enemy (fear them) they woul make the sacrifice open to the public.

WHAT WOULD THEY DO WITH THE THE REMAINS?

They would take the skin off the body and take it around neighboring cities villages to show their power and scare them utimaly of them.

NEW FIRE CEREMONY

"DESCRIPTION AND PURPOSE"

SECRETS OF THE DEAD

WHY WERE MEXICA (AZTEC)WARRIORS ALLOWED TO KEEP BONES FROM THE SACRIFICIAL VICTIMS? WHAT DID THEY DO WITH THEM?

The warriors were allowed to keep the bones and showcase them outside their home as a sign of Prowess (skill/competency).