Occipitofrontalis

(Epicranius)

Origin: Galea aponeurotica

Insertion: Skin of eyebrows and root of nose

Innervation: Facial Nerve (CN VII)

Action: with aponeurosis fixed, raises eyebrows, wrinkles forehead horizontally

Blood Supply: Superficial temporal artery - parietal and frontal branches; posterior auricular artery; occipital artery

Lymphatics:?

Occipitofrontalis

(Epicranius - Occipital Belly)

Origin: Occipital and Temproal bones

Insertion: galea aponeurotica

Innervation: Facial Nerve

Action: Fixes aponeurosis and pulls scalp posteriorly

Blood Supply: Superficial temporal artery - parietal and frontal branches; posterior auricular artery; occipital artery

Lymphatics:

Origin: Frontal bone, maxilla and medial palperbral ligament and lacrimal bone

Insertion: Lateral paper brawl raphe and superior and inferior tarsi medial

Innervation: Faisal nerve CN VII

Notes: 2 parts -palpebral (gently closes eyelids)

Orbital (tightly closes winking)

Origin:zygomatic arch and maxilla

Insertion: angle amandibles of mandible

Innervation: trigeminal nerve (CN V)

Blood supply: maxillary artery and vein

Lymphatics:submandibular nodes

Action:mastication

Origin:temporal fossa

Insertion: coronoid process of mandible via tendon that passes deep to zygomatic arch

Innervation: Trigemnial nerve (CN V)

Blood supply: maxillary artery and vein

Lymphatics: parotid and submandibular nodes

Action: mastication

Origin: medial surface of lateral pterygoid plate of sphenoid bone, maxilla and palatine bone

Insertion: medialsurface of mandible near its angle

Innervation: Trigemnial nerve (CN V)

Blood supply: maxillary artery and vein

Lymphatics:submandibular and parotid nodes

Action:mastication, promotes side to side action

Origin: greater wing and lateral pterygoid plate of sphenoid bone

Insertion: condylar of mandible and capsule of temporomandibular joint

Innervation: Trigeminal nerve (CN V)

Blood supply: maxillartery retry and vein

Lymphatics: submandibular  and parotid nodes

Acmedical mastication, side to side action

Origin: molar region of maxilla and mandible

Insertion: orbicularis oris

Innervation: Facial (CN VII) 

Blood supply: facial artery and vein

Lymphatics: buccal lymph nodes

Origin: internal surface of mandible symphasis

Insertion: inferior aspect of the tongue and body of hyoid bone

Innervation: hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)

Blood supply: 

Lymphatic:

Origin: body and greater horn of hyoid bone 

Insertion: inferolateral tongue

Innervation: hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)

Blood supply:

Lymphatics:

Action: depresses tongue and draws the sides of tongue downward

Origin: styloid process of temporal bone

Insertion: inferolateral tongue

Innervation:hypoglossal nerve  (CN XII)

Blood supply:

Lymphatics:

Action: retracts and elevates tongue

Origin: lower margin of mandible (anterior belly) and mastoid process of temporal bone (posterior belly)

Insertion:by a connective tissue loop to hyoid bone

Innervation:2 sources anterior belly CN V3, posterior belly CN VII

Blood supply:

Lymphatics:

Action:elevates hyoid bone and steady it during swallowing

Origin: styloid process of temporal bone

Insertion:hyoid bone

Innervation: facial nerve

Blood supply:

Lymphatics:

Action: elevates and retracts hyoid which elongates mouth during swallowing

Origin: medial surface of mandible

Insertion: hyoid bone and median raphe

Innervation: CN V3

Blood supply:

Lymphatics:

Action: elevates hyoid bone and floor of mouth enabling tonguerot exert backward andupwards pressure that forces food blouse into pharynx

Origin: inner surface of mandibular symphasis

Insertion: hyoid bone

Innervation:first cervical spinal nerve via hypoglossal nerve

Blood supply:

Lymphatics:

Action: pulls hyoid bone superiority and anteriorly shortening floor of mouth and widening pharynx for receiving food.

Paharyngeal constrictor muscles

(superior, middle, inferior)

O=manubrium of sternum and medial clavicle

I= mastoid process of temporal bone

A=rotation and flexion of head (unliateral)

flexion of neck and head, raises sternum, assists in forced inspiration

Inn=Accessory Nerve, ansa cervicalis

Anterior Scalene

O= TPs of C3-C6

I=Rib 1

A= elevates Rib 1, rotation

Inn= C5-C6 ventral ramie

Erector Spinae

Iliocostalis

Origin:  Iliac cresrs (lumborum); inferior 6 ribs (thoracis); rib 3 to 6 (cervics)

Insertion: angles of ribs (lumborum and thoracis); transverse processes of cervical vertebrae C6-C4 (cervicis)

Innervation: Spinal nerves (Dorsal rami)

Action: Fextend vertebral coloumn, maintain erect posture; action on one side - bend vertebral coloumn.

Blood Supply:

Lymphatics:

Erector spinae

Longissimus

Origin: transverse processes of lumbar through cervical vertebrae

Insertion: transverse processes of thoracic or cervical vertebrae and to ribs superior to origin as indicated by name; capitis inserts to mastoid process of temproal bone.

Innervation: Spinal nerves (dorsal rami)

Action: Thoracis and cervic act together to extend vertebral column and action on one side, bend it laterally; capitis extends head and turns the face toward same side.

Blood Supply:

Lymphatics:

Erector spinae

Spinalis

Origin: spines of upper lumbar and lower thoraic vertebrae

Insertion: spines of upper thoracic thoracic and cervial vertebrae

Innervation: Spinal nerves (dorsal rami)

Action: Extends vertebral coloumn

Blood Supply:

Lymphatics:

Semispinalis

Origin: transverse processes of C7 to T12

Insertion: occipital bone (capitis) and spinous processes of cervical (cervicis) and thoracic vertebrae T1 - T4 (thoracis)

Innervation: Spinal Nerves (dorsal rami)

Action: Extends vertebral coloumn and head and rotates them to opposite side; acts synergistically with SCM of opposite side.

Blood Supply:

Lymphatics:

Quadratus lumborum

Origin: arises from iliolumbar ligament, Iliac crest and lumbar fascia

Insertion: transverse processes of upper lumbar vertebrae and lower margin of 12th rib

Innervation: T12 and upper lumbar spinal nerves (ventral rami)

Action: Flexes vertebral coloumn laterally when acting separately; when pair acts jointly, lumbar spine is extended and 12th rib is fixed; maintains upright posture; assists in forced inspiration

Blood supply: From lumbar arteries that arise from intercostal arteries they then anastomose with thelower intercostal,the subcostal, the iliolumbar, the deep iliolumbar, the deep iliac circumflex and the inferior epigastric arteries. 

Lymphatics: superficial superior (above umbilicus) drian to axillary lymph nodes, some drain medially and deeply to parasternal and anterior diaphragmatic lymph nodes. If below umilicus go to superficial inguinal lymph nodes.

Origin: inferior border of rib above

Insertion: superior border of rib below

Innervation: Intercostal nerves

Action: with first ribs fixed by scalene muscles, pull ribs toawrd one another to elevate rib cage; aid in inspriation; synergists of diaphragm

Blood Supply: anterior intercostal artery (branching fron internal throacic artery)and posterior intercostal arteries (suprior part is branching form the costocervical trunk and the rest from the thoraici aorta

Lymphatics: superficial superior (above umbilicus) drian to axillary lymph nodes, some drain medially and deeply to parasternal and anterior diaphragmatic lymph nodes. If below umilicus go to superficial inguinal lymph nodes.

Origin: inferior, internal surface of rib cage and sternum, costal cartilages of last six ribs and lumbar vertebrae

Insertion: Central tendon

Innervation: Phrenic nerves

Action: prime mover of inspiration; flattens on contraction, increasing vertical dimensions of thorax; when strongly contracted dramatically increases intraabdominal pressure.

Blood Supply: Posterior superior aspect of diaphragmitic surface: Superior phrenic arteries

Lymphatics:

Origin: pubic crest and symphysis

Insertion: xiphoid process and costal cartilages of ribs 5-7

Innervation: Intercostal nerves (t6 or T7-t12)

Action: Flex and rotate lumbar region of vertebral coloumn; fix and depress ribs, stabilize pelvis during walking, increase intraabdominal pressure; used in sit ups, curls

Blood Supply: First, the inferior epigastric artery and vein (or veins) run superiorly on the posterior surface of the rectus abdominis, enter the rectus fascia at the arcuate line, and serve the lower part of the muscle. Second, the superior epigastric artery, a terminal branch of the internal thoracic artery, supplies blood to the upper portion. Finally, numerous small segmental contributions come from the lower six intercostal arteries as well.

Lymphatics:superficial superior (above umbilicus) drian to axillary lymph nodes, some drain medially and deeply to parasternal and anterior diaphragmatic lymph nodes. If below umilicus go to superficial inguinal lymph nodes.

Origin: by fleshy strips from outer surfaces of lower eight ribs

Insertion: most fibers insert anteriorly via a braod aponeurosis int olinea alba; some into pubic crest and tubercle and iliac crest

Innervation: Intercostal nerves (T7-T12)

Action: When pair contract similtanseously, aid rectus abdominis muscles when flexing vertebral coloumn and in compressing abdominal wall and increaseing intra abdominal pressure; acting individually, aid muscles of back in trunk rotation and lateral flexion

Blood Supply: the cranial portion of the muscle is supplied by the lower intercostal arteries, whereas the caudal portion is supplied by a branches of either the deep circumflex iliac artery or the iliolumbar artery.

Lymphatics: superficial superior (above umbilicus) drian to axillary lymph nodes, some drain medially and deeply to parasternal and anterior diaphragmatic lymph nodes. If below umilicus go to superficial inguinal lymph nodes.

Origin: lumbar fascia, iliac crest and inguinal ligament

Insertion: linea alba, pubic crest, last three or four ribs and costal margin

Innervation: Intercostal nerves T7-T12 and L1

Action: when pair contract together aid rectus abdominis, compresses adbdominal wall, increases intra abdominal pressure, aid muscles of back in trunk rotation and lateral flexion (ie same as extrenal obliques)

Blood Supply: 10th and 11th posterior intercostal arteires and subcostal arteries (from Aorta) continue beyond ribs to descend in abdominal wall between internal oblique and transverse abdominal muscles. A

Lymphatics: Superficial superior (above umbilicus) drian to axillary lymph nodes, some drain medially and deeply to parasternal and anterior diaphragmatic lymph nodes. If below umilicus go to superficial inguinal lymph nodes.

Origin: inguinal ligament, lumbar fascia, cartilages of last six ribs; iliac crest

Insertion: linea alba, pubic crest

Innervation: Intercostal nerves T7 -T12 and L1

Action: compresses abdominal contents

Blood Supply: 10th and 11th posterior intercostal arteries and subcostal artery (from Aorta). continue beyond the ribs to descend between internal oblique and transverse abdominus

Lymphatics: Superficial superior (above umbilicus) drian to axillary lymph nodes, some drain medially and deeply to parasternal and anterior diaphragmatic lymph nodes. If below umilicus go to superficial inguinal lymph nodes.

Levator ani

Origin: extensive linear origin insude pelvis from pubis to ischial spine

Insertion: linner surface of coccyx, levator ani of opposite side and (in part) into the structures that penetrate it.

Innervation: S4 and inferior rectal nerve (branch of pudenal nerve)

Action: supports and maintains position of pelvic viscera, resists downward thrusts that accompany rises in intrapelvic pressure during coudhing, vomiting and expulsiv efforts of abdominal muscles; forms sphincters at anorectal junction and vagina; lifts anal canal during defecation.

Blood Supply:

Lymphatics:

Origin: ispine of ischium

Insertion: sacrum and coccyx

Innervation: S4 and S5

Action: Supports pelvic viscera; supports coccyx and pulls it forward after it has been reflected posteriorly be defecation and childbirth

Blood Supply:

Lymphatics:

Origin: ischial rami

Insertion: midline central tendon of perineum

Innervation: Pudendal nerve

Action: supports pelvic organs;steadies central tendon

Blood Supply:

Lymphatics:

Origin: ischipubic rami

Insertion: midline raphe

Innervation: Pudenal nerve

Action: constricts urethra; helps support pelvic organs

Blood Supply:

Lymphatics:

Origin: ischial tuberosities

Insertion: crus of corpus cavernosa of male penis or female clitoris

Innervation: Puduendal Nerve

Action: Retards venous drainage and maintains erection of penis or clitoris

Blood Supply:

Lymphatics:

Origin: ischial tuberoisty

Insertion: central tendon of perineum

Innervation: Pudendal nerve

Action: stabilizes and strengthens midline tendon of perineum

Blood Supply:

Lymphatics:

Origin: anterior surfaces of ribs 3-5 (or 2-4)

Insertion: coracoid process of scapula

Innervation: Medial and lateral pectoral nerves (C6-C8)

Action: with ribs fixed, draws scapula forward and downward; with scapula fixed, draws rib cage superiorly

Blood Supply:

Lymphatics:

Origin: by a series of muscle slips from ribs 1-8 (or 9)

Insertion: entire anterior surface of vertebral bordel of scapula

Innervation:  Long thoracic nerve (C5- C7)

Action: prime mover to protract and hold scapula against chest wall; rotates scapula so that its inferior angle moves laterally and upward; raises point of shoulder; improtant role in abduction and raising of arm and in horizonta arm movements (pushing punching)

Blood Supply:

Lymphatics:

Origin: costal cartilage of rib 1

Insertion: groove of i nferior surface of clavicle

Innervation:  Nerve to subclavius (C5-C4)

Action: Helps stabilize and depress pectoral girdle

Blood Supply:

Lymphatics:

Origin: occipital bone, ligamentum nuchae; and spines of C7 and all thoracic vertebrae

Insertion: a continuous insertion along acromion and spine of scapula and lateral third of clavicle

Innervation:  Accessory Never (CN XI) C3- C4

Action: Stabilizes, raises, retracts and rotates scapula; middle fibers retract (adduct) scapula; superior fibers elevate scapula or can help extend head with scapula fixed; inferior fibers depress scapula (and shoulder)

Blood Supply:

Lymphatics:

Origin: transverse processes of C1-C4

Insertion: medial border of the scapula, superior to the spine

Innervation:  Cervical spinal nerves and dorsal scapular nerve (C3- C5)

Action: Elevates/ adducts scapula in concert with superior fibers of trapezius; tilts glenoid cavity down ward when scapula is fixed, flexes neck to same side.

Blood Supply:

Lymphatics:

Origin: spinous processes of C7 and T1(minor) and spinous processes of T2-T5 (major)

Insertion: medial border of scapula

Innervation:  Dorsal scapular nerve (C4 and C5)

Action: act together (and with middle trapezius fibers) to retract scapula, thus "squaring shoulders" rotate glenoid cavity of scapula downward (as when arm is lowered against resistance ie paddling)

Blood Supply:

Lymphatics:

Origin: Sternal end of clavicle, sternum, cartilage of ribs 1 to 6 (or 7) and aponeurosis of ecternal oblique muscle

Insertion: fibers converge to insert by a short tendon into greater tubercle of humerus

Innervation:  Lateral and medial pectoral nerves (C5-C8 and T1)

Action: prime mover of flexioin; rotates arm medially; adducts arm against resistance; with scapular (and arm) fixed, pulls rib cage upward, thus can help in climbing, throwing, pushing and forced inspiration

Blood Supply:

Lymphatics:

Origin: indirect attachment via lumbodorsal fascia into spines of lower six thoracic vertebrae, lumbar vertebrae, lower 3 to 4 ribs and iliac crest

Insertion: spirals around teres major to insert in floor of intertubercluar sulcus of humerus

Innervation:  Thoracodorsal nerve (C6-C8)

Action: Prime mover of arm extensions; powerful arm adductor; medially rotates arm at shoulder; depresses scapula; because of its power in these movements, it plays an important role in bringing the arm down in a power stroke.

Blood Supply:

Lymphatics:

Origin: iliac fossa and crest, lateral sacrum

Insertion: femur on and immediately below lesser trochanter of femur via ilipsoas tendon

Innervation:  Femoral Nerve

Action: prime mover for flexing thigh or for flexing trunk on thigh

Blood Supply:

Lymphatics:

Origin: by fleshy slips from transverse processes, bodies and discs of lumbar vertebrae adn T12

Insertion: lesser trochanter of femur via iliopsoas tendon

Innervation:  Ventral rami L1- L3

Action: assists as a prime mover for flexing thigh or for flexing trunk on thigh, also effects lateral flexion of vertebral coloumn; important postural muscle

Blood Supply:

Lymphatics:

Origin: anterior superior iliac spine

Insertion: winds around medial aspect of knee and inserts into medial aspect of proximal tibia

Innervation:  Femoral nerve

Action: flexes abducts and laterally rotates thigh 9can weakly flex knee, helps cross knees

Blood Supply:

Lymphatics:

O= nuchal ligament and spinus processes of C7-T3/T4

I= mastoid process and lateral third of superior nuchal line

A= lateral flexion of neck, rotation of head to same side (unilateral)

extension of head and neck (bilateral)

Inn= spinal nerves (dorsal rami)

O= nuchal ligament and spinous processes of C7-T4

I= tubercles of transverse processes of C1-C4

A= lateral flexion and rotation of head to same side (unilateral)

extend head and neck (bilateral)

Inn= Spinal nerves (dorsal rami)

O= Spinous process of C2

I=lateral inferior nuchal line

A=extension of head

Inn= suboccipital nerve

O= posterior tubercle of posterior arch of C1

I=medial inferior nuchal line

A=extension of head

Inn=suboccipital nerve

O=TP of C1

I=between superior and inferior nuchal lines

A=extension of head and lateral flexion

Inn=suboccipital nerve

O= sacrum, PSIS, sacroiliac ligaments, erector spinae aponeurosis, lumbar mamillary processes, TP's of T1-T3, facets of C4-C7

I=SP of spine 2-4 segments superior to origin

A=stabilises vertebrae

Inn= spinal nerves (dorsal rami)

O= Posterior tubercle of TPs of C2-C7

I= Rib 1

A= elevates rib 1, rotation of the neck

Inn= C3-C8 ventral rami

O= Nuchal ligament, spinous process of C7 -T3

I= superior borders of Rib 2-4

A= Proprioception

Inn= 2-4th intercostal nerves