Absolute Zero

 -273 degrees

Acid

a substance that produces hydrogen ions in aqueous soloution

 Addition polymerization

a reaction in which monomers simply ''add together'' to form polymers

Absolute boiling

373 degrees

Alkane

 saturated hydrocarbon wuth the general formula CnH2n + 2

Alkene

an unsatuarted hydrocarbon containing a carbon-carbon double bond

CnH2n

 Alkyne

an unsaturated hydrocarbon containing a carbon-carbon triple bond

Anion

a negative ion

 Aqueous solution

a solution in which water is the dissolving

medium os solvent

 Atom

the fundermental unit in which elements

are composed

Atomic mass

a small unit of mass equal to

1.66x10 -24

Avagadro's number

6.022x10 23

 Base

a substance that produces hydroxide ions in aqueous solution

Binary ionic

compound I

when a metal reacts with a non metal

Binary ionic

compound II

contains a metal can can form more than one type of cation usually a transition metal resulting in using a roman numeral to determine the compound

Binary ionic

copmpound III

when a non metal combines with a non metal

Bond energy

the energy required to break a

given chemical bond

Buffered solution

a solution where ther is a presence of a weak acid and its conjugated base

 Cation

a positive ion

Chemical change

t

he change of substance inot othhe substances through reorganisation of the atoms

Compound

a substance with constend composition that can be broken down into elements by chemical process

Conjugated base

what remains of an acid molecule after a

proton is lost

Conjugated acid

the species formed when a proton is

added to a base

conjugated

acid-base pair

two species related to each other by donating and accepting of a single

Covalent bonding

Crystalline solid

Density

a property of matter representing the mass oer unit  volume

Diatomic molecule

a molecule composed of two atoms

Dipole-Dipole

attraction

the attrative force resulting when polar molecules line up such that the positive and negative ends are close to each other

Dipole moment

a property of a molecule whereby the charge distribution can be represented by a centre of positive charge and a centre of negative charge

Double bond

a bond which two atoms share two pairs of electrons

 Electron

Electronegativity

the tendency of an atom in a molecule to attract shared electrons to its self

Element

a substance that can not be created nor distoyed by physical or chemical means

Exothermic process

a process in which energy (as heat) flows out of the system into the surroundings

Endothermic

 Matter

solid, liqid or a gas

Heterogeneous

a mixture that has different properties in different regions of the mixure

eg rocks in water

Homogeneous

a mixture that is the same throughout

Hydrogen bonding

usually strong dipole-dipole attractions that occur among molecules in which hydrogen is bonded to a highly electronegative atom

Intermolecular forces

relatively weak interactions that occur between molecules

Intramolecular forces

interactions that occurwithin a given molecule

 Ion

an atom or a group of atoms that has a net positive or negative charge

Ionic bonding

the attraction between oppositely charged ions

Ionic compound

a compound that results when a metal reacts with a non metal to form cations and anions

 ionizing energy

the quantity of energy required to remove an electron from a gaseous atom or ion

Isotopes

atoms of the same element (the same number of protons) taht have different numbers of neutrons. they have identical atomic numbers but different mass numbers

Kinetic energy

energy due to the motion of an object

Kinetic molecular theory

a model that assumes that an ideal gas is composed of tiny particles (molecules) in constent motion

Law of constent composition

a given compound always contains elements in exactly the same proportion by mass

London dispersion forces

the relatively weak forces which exsit among noble gas atoms and non polar molecules, that involve an accidental dipole that includes a momentary dipole in a neighbour

Lone pair

an electron that is localized on a given atom

(lewis structuer)

Molarity

moles of solute per volume of solution in liters

Molar mass

the mass in grams of one mole of a compound

Natural law

a statement that expresses generally observed behaviour

Neutron

a particle in the atomic nucleus with a mass approximately equal to that of a proton but has no charge

 Nucleus

the small dense centre of a positive charge in an atom

Polar covalent bond

a covalent bond in which the electrons are not shared equally because one atom attracts them more strongley than the other

Polymer

a large, usually chain-like molecule built from many samll molecules (monomers)

Proton

 positively charged particle in an atomic nucleus 

Scientific method

a process of studying natural phenomena that involves making observations forming laws and theories, and testing theories by exerimentation

Single bond

a bond in which two atoms share one pair of electrons

Solution

a homogeneous mixture

Theroy

(model)

a set of assumptions put forth to explain some aspect of the observed behaviour of matter

Triple bonds

a bond in which two atoms share three pairs of electrons

Observation

something that ccan be witness and recorded

Hypothesis

agrees with the various observation

Qualitative

involves no number

the chemistry book is heavy

Quantitative

involves a number

the chemisrty book is 3kg

Density

mass

volume

Physical property

odur, colour,volume,state (solid,liquid and gas)

Chemical property

a change in the overall apperance of a substance

eg wood burning leaving a reidue of ash

Allotropes

different forms of a given element

Ionic bonding

closley packes oppositely charged ions