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Definition
| An atom that gains electrons |
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Definition
| An atom that loses electrons |
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| There are ___ naturally occuring radioactive isotopes. |
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Definition
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Definition
| the number of electrons an atom needs to fill its valence energy shell |
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| Radioactive isotopes can be used: |
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Definition
-to determine age or rocks, fossils & artifacts
-as tracers/tags to show where chemical reactions are occuring (PET; detects cancer radiation)
-to preserve food & treat cancer |
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Definition
| ability of an atom to attract electrons (determined by number of protons; oxygen has a higher electronegativity than hydrogen) |
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Definition
-links together molecules
-found between polar molecules |
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| Acid and base neutralize, forming... |
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Definition
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| prevent sharp rises/falls of pH; weak acid or base |
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Term
Large organic molecules:
What are?
Where found? |
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Definition
-carbohydrates (CHO)
-proteins
POLYMERS
Found in living things
-lipids (fats)
-nucleic acid |
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Term
| Dehydration Synthesis (Condensation) |
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Definition
"Building" Monomers to a polymer
H20 is removed; monomers connected by an oxygen
Energy MUST be added
Eg. Photosynthesis |
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Definition
"Splitting"
Polymer --> Monomer
H20 must be added
Energy is released
Eg. Respiration |
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Definition
basic energy source of life
made up of carbon, hydrogen, & oxygen
C:H:O = 1:2:1
Structure is linear chain or ring |
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Term
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Definition
molecule has same formula, different structure
Eg. 3 isomers of C6H12O6: glucose, fructose, & galactose |
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Term
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Definition
simple sugars, used for fuel, converted to other organic molecules, combined into polymers
Eg. glucose, fructose, galactose |
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Term
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Definition
2 simple sugars; double sugar
Eg. maltose, sucrose, lactose |
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Definition
| main energy source for all cells |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
malt sugar
= glucose + glucose |
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Definition
Table sugar
= glucose + fructose |
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Definition
milk sugar
= glucose + galactose |
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Term
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Definition
starches/complex sugars; many sugar units
Eg. cellulose, gycogen, plant starch, chitin |
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Term
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Definition
plant cell walls
chain of inverse sugars
can't digest (without help of bacteria, which cows & termites have)
fiber
durable, flexible, most organic compound found on Earth |
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Term
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Definition
animal starch; stored in liver & muscle cell
highly branched |
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Definition
stored in plant vacuoles
Eg. bread, corn, potato |
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Definition
| exoskeletons of insects & crustations; fungi cell wall |
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Term
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Definition
3D; 2 or more polypeptides; makes up cell parts, cell enzymes, collagen, & some hormones; accounts for variations between individuals of the same species; nutrients - provide energy
made up of C, H, O, N |
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Term
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Definition
| a chain of many amino acids |
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Term
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Definition
building blocks of protein; 20;
ALL have:
>AMINO GROUP (-NH2
>ACID GROUP (-COOH --> "carboxyl" group)
>CENTRAL CARBON w/ HYDROGEN (--C-H)
>R (radical) GROUP (varies; determines characteristics of the amino acid) |
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Term
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Definition
special bond between 2 amino acids (between the amino group of 1 amino acide, and the acid group of the other amino acid)
many combos
protein type determined by DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| 12; cannot make in body and must be obtained daily through food |
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Term
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Definition
the protein loses shape and no longer functions; irreversible
could have been damaged by heat/acid
Eg. raw egg white + heat --> boiled egg white |
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Term
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Definition
fats(triglycerides), oils, waxes, phospholipids, cholesterol, steroids, & chlorophyll
used for building cell parts (cell membrane) and for energy reserves
C,H,O
hydrocarbons |
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Term
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Definition
1 glycerol + 3 fatty acid chains
hydrophobic |
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Term
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Definition
"bad"; low density lipoprotein
every carbon is filled with H
NO double bonded carbons
solid at room temperature
hard to mix with water |
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Term
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Definition
"good"; High density lipoprotein
not all C filled with H
1 or more double bonded carbons
liquid at room temperature (because of crooked shape; can't compact)
vegetable/fish oil |
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Term
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Definition
| one double bond between carbons |
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Definition
| 2 or more double bonds between carbons |
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Definition
2 fatty acids attached to glycerol (opposed to 3)
3rd hydroxyl group of gycerol is joined by phosphate group PO3(-2)
Amphipathic
Big part of ALL cell membranes |
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Term
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Definition
has both polar/nonpolar regions;
hydrophillic sides will shield hydrophobic sides from water |
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Definition
| 4 fused rings of carbon atoms |
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Term
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Definition
animal cell membranes
production of sex hormones
vitamin D |
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Term
| stucture development of protein (4 degrees) |
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Definition
1) Primary structure -- long chain of amino acids
2) Secondary structure -- alpha helix (coiling)shape
3)tertiery structure -- folding; bond break easily with acid/heat
4) Quaternary structure -- multiple poly peptides join and become a protein |
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Term
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Definition
-used to control cell activities
-carries genetic information
-composed of hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus |
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Term
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Definition
building blocks of nucleic acids
sugar + nitrogen base (5-carbon sugar) + phosphate (difference between nucleic acid and a protein) |
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Term
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Definition
deoxyribonucleic acid
double strand
found mainly in cell nucleus |
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Definition
ribonucleic acid
found in both nucleus and cytoplasm
relates messages
triple strand |
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Term
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Definition
-protein
-catalyst (lowers the amound of needed activation energy w/o increasing heat)
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, NITROGEN
1 enzyme per reaction
often ends in "-ase" |
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Term
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Definition
| specific part that matches shape w/ a substance "substrate" that enzyme acts on |
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| a substance that starts a reaction; reactant |
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