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| The simples of substances consisting of only one type of atom. 90% of the body is composed of four elements which are carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen |
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| anything that has space and has weight. can be liquid, solid, gas. It is compose of substance called elements. |
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| the smallest unit of an element that still retains the chemical and physical properties of the element |
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| electrically neutral particle in an atomic nucleus |
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| carry a positve charge in a atomic nucleus. |
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| One of two or more atoms with the same atomic number that differs in the number of neutrons and therefore in weight. |
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| ATOM WHOSE NUCLEUS UNDERGOES DEGENERATION AND IN THE PROCESS GIVES OFF RADIATION |
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| substance having an attached radioactive isotope that allows a researcher to track its whereabouts in a biological system |
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| small negatively charged particle that revolves around the nucleus of an atom |
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| smalles quantity of a substance that retains its chemical properties |
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| chemical substance having two or more different elements in fixed ratio |
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| chemical attraction between a positive ion and a negative ion. |
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| chemical bond created by the sharing of electrons between atoms |
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| salts characteristically form an ionic lattice that dissociates(separates into ions) after dissolving in water |
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| high blood pressure results in too much sodium in the blood |
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| bowing of the legs in children-not enough calcium |
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| heartbeat irregularity-too much or too little potassium |
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double bond atoms share two electrons.
triple bond atoms share three electrons |
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(electrongrabber)
One of the elements often keeps the electrons for a longer period of time. |
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When the electrons spends most of their time with the electronegative element such as oxygen and teamed with a weaker elements like hydrogen a Polar Covalent Bond is form
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| type of molecule that is not an organic molecule;not derived from a living organism |
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| Carbon containing molecule |
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| combination of atoms in which the electrical charge is nos distributed symmetrically |
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| weak attraction between a partially positive hydrogen and a partially negative oxygen or nitrogen some distance away;found in protein and nuclei acids |
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1. it is solvent for polar (charged) molecules and thereby facilitates chemical reactions both outside and within our bodies.
2.molecules are cohesive. water based solutions fill vessels.
3.water has a high specific heat capacity and a high heat of vaporation
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| Substance that contributes or liberates hydrogen ions in a solution;opposite of base |
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| when the number of hydrogen ions increases greatly (lemon juice, vinegar, tomatoes and coffee) |
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| substance that either take up hydrogen ions or release hdroxide ions |
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| when the sodium hydroxide is added the number of ions increases (milk of magnesium and ammonia) |
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| chemist shorthand-it is the negative of the base 10 logarithm of free hydrogen ion concentration.it ranges from 0 to 14 used to indicate the acidity and basicity (alkalinity) of a solution |
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| excessive accumulation of acids in the body fluid |
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| excessive accumulation of base in body fluids |
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| substance or compound that prevents large changes in the pH of a solution |
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| substances that release ions when put into water because their ions can conduct an electrical current. it is important to our body because it affects the functioning of vital organs such as heart and brain. |
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| four categories; carbohydrates, lipids proteins and nuclei acids |
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Micromolecules
or Polymer |
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| are carbohydrates, lipids,protein and nucleic acids. they are composed of many smaller subunits or monomers |
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| Anabolic process that joins small molecules;synthesis |
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| splitting of a bond by the addition of water |
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| organic compound with the general formula CH20 including sugars and glycogen |
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| If the number of carbon atoms in a carbohydrates is low (between 3 & 7) it called a simple sugar or monosaccharide |
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| blood sugar that is broken down in cell to acquire energy |
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| made by joining only two monosaccharides together by dehydration reaction |
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| is a disaccharide that contains two glucose molecules |
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| when glucose and fructose join. it derives by sugar cane or sugar beets |
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| Milk sugar is formed from glucose and galactose |
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| Complex Carbohydrates (Polysaccharides) |
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| Macromolecules such as starch, gycogen and cellulose are Polysaccharides that contain many glucose units |
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| ready store forms of glucose in plants and animals. flour and potatoes are high in starch |
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| is found in plant cell walls. it is important because human are unable to digest foods containing this type of linkage. It is believe that it helps prevent colon cancer. |
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| contain more energy per gram than other biological molecules and some function as long term energy |
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| they are a large class of lipids that includes among other molecules the sex hormones. They do not dissolve in water. They contain little oxygen and consist mostly of carbon and hydrogen atom |
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| form when one glycerol molecule react with three fatty acid molecules |
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| fat is sometimes called triglyceride because of its three part structure or a neutral fat because the molecule is nonpolar and carries no charge |
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| Molecule that contains a hydrocarbon chain and ends with an acid group |
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| Organic molecule that includes a fatty acid molecule which lacks double bonds between the atoms of its carbon chain |
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| organic compound that includes a fatty acid molecule having one or double bonds between the atoms of its carbon chain |
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| Lipids that contain two fatty acid molecules and phosphate group combined with a gycerol molecule |
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| are macromolecules composed of amino acid subunits. They perform many functions. |
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| has a central carbon atom bonded to a gydrogen atom and three groups. amino group,acidic group and R group |
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| three or more amino acids. proteins are polypeptides |
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1.Primary structure
2.Secondary structure
3.Tertiary structure
4.Quaternary structure |
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1.sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide.
2.coiling and folding of the protein.
3.hydrogen,ionic, and covalent bonding all occur in polypeptides.
4.more than one polypeptide gives a protein called quarternary structure |
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| the loss of normal shape by an enzyme so that it no longer functions because the normal bonding between R groups has been disturbed. |
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| the sum of all the chemical reaction that occur in a cell |
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| protein catalyst that speeds up a specific reaction or a specific type of reacton |
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| asist an enzyme and may even accept or contribute atoms to the reaction |
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| two or more reactants combine to form a larger and more complex product.When glucose molecules join in the liver forming gycogen, dehydration synthesis has occurred |
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| Degradation Decomposition Reactions |
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| a larger and more complex molecule breaks down into smaller simpler products. when protein is digested to amino acids in the stomach a degradation reaction occurs |
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| involve both degradation decomposition and synthesis |
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| are huge macromolecules composed of nucleotides.it contains hereditary information that determines which proteins a cell will have. two classes of nucleic acids are in cells DNA and RNA |
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| is a molecular complex of three types of subunit molecules. Phosphate,pentose sugar and nitrogen-containing base |
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DNA
Deoxyribonucleic Acid |
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| makes up the hereditary units called genes |
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| pass on from generation to generation the instruction for replicating DNA,making RNA, and joining amino acids to form the protein synthesis |
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| is an intermediary in the process of protein synthesis conveyin information from DNA regarding the amino acid sequence in protein |
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ATP
Adenosine Triphosphate |
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the primary energy carrier in cells. they obtain it by braking down glucose and convert the energy that is released into ATP molecules
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