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Quantity of matter in an object
SI base unit: kg |
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space that an object occupies
SI base unit: mL cm3 |
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| fixed volume and shape; particles vibrate |
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| fixed volume but not shape; particles slip past each other. |
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| no fixed volume or shape. fastest moving particles |
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| one of a number of different molecular forms of an element. such as; O2-oxygen and O3-ozone |
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| 2 groups that make up pure substances |
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| law of conservation of energy |
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| Mass of product equals the mass of the reactants |
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| Law of Conservation of Energy |
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| The total quantity of energy remains constant. It cannot be created or destroyed. |
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Specific procedures for conducting research -make/test hypothesis
-observe
-draw conclusions
-publish results
-construct theory |
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| a well-tested explanation of observations. Can be disproved but not fully proven |
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| a reasonable and testable explanation for observations |
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| trailing zeros following a decimal point |
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| describing something with properties such as texture and color used to describe quality |
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| describing something with numbers |
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identity changes. new substance forms
-evolution of gas
-precipitate forms
-release(exothermic) or absorption(endothermic) of energy
-color change |
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| identity does not change. can change state/mix but remain the original substance |
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| law of definite proportions |
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| two samples of a given compound are made of the same elements in the proportions by mass regardless of the sizes of sources of the samples |
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| law of multiple proportions |
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| if two or more different compounds are composed of the same elements, the ratio of mass in the second one is always a ratio of small whole numbers |
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Daltons theory
1(revised) |
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| all matter is composed of extrememly small particles called atoms that cannot be subdivided or destroyed |
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Daltons theory
2 (revised) |
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| Atoms of a given element are identical in their physical and chemical properties |
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| Atoms of different elements differ in their physical and chemical properties |
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| Atoms of different elements combine in simple, whole-number ratios to form compounds |
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| In chemical reactions, atoms are combined, rearranged, or separated but NEVER created or destroyed. |
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| which subatomic particles reside in the nucleus? |
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Definition
protons-positive
neutrons- no charge |
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| subatomic particle outside the nucleus |
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| Atoms of the same element with a different number of NEUTRONS |
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| an atom, radical or molecule that has gained or lost one or more electrons and now has a neg or pos charge |
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| what happens when an electron gains energy |
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Definition
| it moves into an excited state |
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| returning from an excited to ground |
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| it releases a specific quantity of energy and quickly falls back to its ground state |
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| Principal quantum number (n) |
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Definition
| indicates main level energy occupied by the electron ~1,2,3,4 |
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| Angular quantum number (l) |
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Definition
indicates the shape or type of orbital that corresponds to a particular sublevel
=0(s);
=1(p);
=2(d);
=3(f) |
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| Magnetic Quantum Number (m) |
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Definition
is a subset of the L quantum number. indicates the number/orientations around the nucleus
1-s orbital
3-p orbitals
5-d orbitals
7-f orbitals |
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"building up"
e- fill orbitals with lower energy first
s>p>d>f |
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| orbitals of the same n and L quantum numbers are each occupied by one before paring occurs |
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| two particles of a certain class cannot be in the exact same energy state ^^ or vv |
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| The physical or chemical properties tend to repeat systematically with increasing atomic number |
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| can be hammered into a sheet and remain conductive |
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| can be stretched into thin wire and remain conductive |
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| outer, valence e- held less tightly to nucleus |
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| down a group, e- shielding |
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| atomic radius increases down a group |
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| as the nuclear charge increases across a period |
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Definition
| the effective nuclear charge also increases |
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| the amount of energy needed to remove an electron from an atom |
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ionization energy
-decreases
-increases |
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Definition
ionization energy
-down a group
-across a period |
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| a measure of the ability of an atom in a chemical COMPOUND to attract electron |
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electronegativity
-decreases
-increases |
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Definition
electronegativity
-down a group
-across a period |
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| the change in energy when a neutral atom gains an electron |
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electron affinity
-decreases
-increases |
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Definition
electron affinity
-down a group
-across a period |
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ionic radii
-increases
-decreases |
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Definition
ionic radii
-down a group
-across a period |
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atomic radii
-increases
-decreases |
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Definition
atomic radii
-down a group
-across a period |
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| ion with a negative charge |
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| an ion with a positive charge |
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| common between an ion and its parent atom |
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| the amount of energy released when an ionic bond is formed |
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| energy required to break the bond of 1 mole of a chemical compound |
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| properties of ionic compounds |
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Definition
-hard and brittle
-good conductors
-strong
-high boiling and melting points
-solid at room temp |
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| for an ionic compound to conduct |
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Definition
-substance must contain charged particles
-must be free to move |
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| strongest attractive forces |
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Definition
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| why are ionic compounds considered brittle? |
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Definition
| when you apply a strong force, fracture occur, not dents |
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| Covalent Bond stronger/weaker than ionic |
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| weakest type of covalent bond |
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| an average of the abundances of each weight of the element |
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mass given| 1 mol | avogrados#
..........|molar mass|1mol |
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Part. given| 1 mol | molar mass
.........|avorgado#| 1 mol |
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| transition metals (d block) |
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| which in d block break Aufbau to become more stable? |
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