Substance

Salt & Pure Water are Substances

Salt Water and air are not

chemical change

Crushing the grapes is a physical change

Fermenting the grapes into wine is a chemical change

Mixture

Salt & Water

Sand & Water

A mixture that does not blend smoothly throughout and in which the individual substances remain dinstinct.

Heterogeneous Mixture

Hetero means different

Sand and Water

A mixture that has constant composition throughout where the substances are equally distributed.

Homogeneous Mixture or Solution

Homo means same

salt & water

Regardless of the amount, a compound is always composed of the same elements in the same proportion by mass.

The mass of all the individual components of a compound are added together to get the mass of the compound.

An Up Quark has what charge?

Isotope

It also determines the stability of the atom

Atomic Mass Units

amu

The mass of protons, neutrons, and electrons are measured in 

This measurement is 1/12 the mass of Carbon 12 atoms and is approximatly equal to the mass of 1 proton

the weighted average mass of all the isotopes of that element.

(Isotope #1)(Percent abundance of Isotope #1) + (Isotope #2)(Percent abundance of Isotope #2)

Beta Minus Decay ß^-

type of radiation released during radioactive decay that has a -1 charge and consists of 1 electron & 1 antineutrino

Beta Plus Decay ß⁺

type of radiation released during radioactive decay that has a +1 charge and consists of 1 Positron & 1 Neutrino

type of radiation released during radioactive decay that has NO charge and consists of high energy high frequency photons.

It is an electromagnetic radiation, like X-rays

 

residues from ancient supernova explosions which occurred before the formation of the solar system. They are the long-lived fraction of radionuclides surviving in the primordial solar nebula through planet accretion until the present.

The naturally occurring short-lived radiogenic radionuclides found in rocks are the daughters of these radioactive primordial nuclides. Another minor source of naturally occurring radioactive nuclides are cosmogenic nuclides, formed by cosmic ray bombardment of material in the Earth's atmosphere or crust.

conversion of one chemical element or isotope into another. In other words, atoms of one element can be changed into atoms of other element 

This occurs either through nuclear reactions (in which an outside particle reacts with a nucleus), or through radioactive decay (where no outside particle is needed). 

A neutron overabundance creates instability.

Inside a Neutron a Down Quark changes to an Up Quark which changes the Neutron into a Proton and creates an antineutrino and an electron which are both released from the atom to maintain a conservation of electric charge so the element stays neutral.

this causes the element to become an element one place higher on the atomic chart.

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A neutron shortage creates instability.

Inside a Proton an Up Quark changes to an Down Quark which changes the Proton into a Neutron and creates a neutrino and an positron (an electron with a positive charge)  which are both released from the atom to maintain a conservation of electric charge so the element stays neutral.

this causes the element to become an element one place lower on the atomic chart.

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Alpha decay is one process that unstable atoms can use to become more stable.  Occurs in very large nucleuses (larger than lead)

During alpha decay, an atom's nucleus sheds two protons and two neutrons in a packet that scientists call an alpha particle.

Since an atom loses two protons during alpha decay, it changes from one element to another. For example, after undergoing alpha decay, an atom of uranium (with 92 protons) becomes an atom of thorium (with 90 protons).

The element reduces by two places on the periodic table

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