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| anything that has mass and takes up space |
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| smallest form of an element that still displays its particular properties |
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| an atom that has a positive or negative charge |
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| composed of more protons than electrons, positive charge |
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| composed of more electrons than protons, negative charge |
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| when elements are combined to form entities |
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compounds that contain carbon and usually hydrogen
(i.e. carb, protein, lipid, nucleic acid) |
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compounds that do not contain carbon
exceptions: carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide |
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groups responsible for the chemical properties of organic compounds
know structures of these functional groups: amino group (NH2), Carbonyl group - ketone & aldehyde (RCOR), carboxyl group (COOH), hydroxyl group (OH), phosphate group (PO4), sulfhydryl group (SH) |
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organic compounds used by cells as a long-term energy stores or building blocks, hydrophobic, insoluble in water
fats, oils, steroids, phospholipids |
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| a lipid made by combining glycerol and 3 fatty acids, used as long-term energy stores in cells |
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| saturated fat molecules contain no double bonds, 'bad guys', associated with heart disease |
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| unsaturated fat molecules contain one (mono-) or more (poly-) double bonds, which means they contain fewer hydrogen molecules per carbon than do saturated fats |
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lipids composed of 4 carbon rings
cholesterol, sex hormones (progresterone, testosterone, estrogen) |
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| an important structural component of cell membranes that serves as a precursor molecule for sex hormones |
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| a lipid formed by combining a glycerol molecule with two fat acids and a phosphate group, bilayered structures |
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| organic compounds used by the cells of the human body in energy-producing reactions and as structural materials, have the elements C, H, and O |
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| simplest form of carbohydrate, glucose (6-carbon) is used in cellular respiration, monosaccharides with 5 carbons are used in compounds suck as genetic molecules (RNA) and high-energy molecules (ATP) |
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consists of 2 monosaccharide bound together
sucrose, maltose, lactose |
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a carb of 3 or more monosaccharide, act as a storage form of energy and as a structural material in and around cells
starch, glycogen and chitin, cellulose |
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| a compound composed of chains of amin acids, serve as structural components, transport aids, enzymes, and cell signals |
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| Primary Structure (of protein) |
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| the order of the amino acids that make up the protein |
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| 3D arrangement of a protein caused by hydrogen bonding at regular intervals along the polypeptide backbone |
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| 3D arrangement of a protein caused by interaction among the various R groups of the amino acids involved |
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| the arrangement of seperate polypeptide "subunits" into a single protein. not all proteins have quaternary sturcutre; many consist of a single polypeptide chain |
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| catalytic proteins that are picky, interacting only with particular substrates. can be reused and react with more than one copy of their substrate of choice and have a major effect on a reaction |
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| speed up reactions by lowering the energy (activation energy) needed for the reaction to take place |
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| substances that enzymes act on |
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| Effectiveness of an enzyme: |
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| the temperature, the pH, the concentration of the substrate involved, the concentration of the enzyme involved |
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| condition in which an inhibitor molecule resembling the substrate binds to the active site and physically blocks the substrate from attaching |
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| noncompetitive inhibition |
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| condition in which an inhibitor molecule binds to an enzyme away from the active site, causing a change in the shape of the active site so that it can no longer interact with the substrate |
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| a reaction that breaks down compounds by the addition of water |
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| dehydration synthesis reaction |
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| a reaction in which two compounds are brought together with water released as a product |
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a reaction that requires input of energy to occur
A + B + energy ->> C |
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a reaction that gives off energy as a product
A + B ->> energy + C |
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| a reaction involving the transfer of electrons. such reactions occur along the electron transport chain of the mitochondria during respiration |
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