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| The boiling point is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid equals the external pressure surrounding the liquid. Therefore, the boiling point of a liquid depends on atmospheric pressure. The boiling point becomes lower as the external pressure is reduced. |
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| A calorimeter is a device used to measure the heat flow of a chemical reaction or physical change. |
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| Calorimetry is the study of measuring heat changes from chemical reactions or physical changes. |
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| A closed system is a type of thermodynamic system where mass is conserved within the boundaries of the system, but energy is allowed to freely enter or exit the system. |
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| change in the state of matter from the gas phase to the liquid phase. |
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| Law which states energy cannot be created or destroyed, but may be changed from one form to another. |
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| A cooling curve is a line graph that represents the change of phase of matter, typically from a gas to a solid or a liquid to a solid. The independent variable (X-axis) is time and the dependent variable (Y-axis) is temperature. |
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| crystallization is the slow precipitation of crystals from a solution of a substance. Crystallization can also refer to the solid-liquid separation and purification technique in which mass transfer occurs from the liquid solution to a pure solid crystalline phase. |
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| "within heating" from the Greek prefix endo-, meaning “inside” and the Greek suffix –thermic, meaning “to heat”. The term "endothermic" describes a process which absorbs thermal (heat) energy. |
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| Gibbs free energy is a thermodynamic property that was defined in 1876 by Josiah Willard Gibbs to predict whether a process will occur spontaneously at constant temperature and pressure. Gibbs free energy G is defined as G = H - TS where H, T and S are the enthalpy, temperature, and entropy. |
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| term used to describe a reaction or process that releases energy in the form of heat. Sometimes the term is applied to processes that release other forms of energy, such as electrical energy, sound, or light. |
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| the process through which a substance changes from a liquid to a solid. All liquids except helium undergo freezing when the temperature becomes sufficiently cold. |
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| the temperature at which a liquid changes to a solid. The freezing point of a substance is not necessarily the same as its melting point. |
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| Heat is the form of energy that flows between two samples of matter due to their difference in temperature. Usually denoted by the variable 'Q'. |
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| When the system is heated, energy is transferred into it. In response to the energy it receives, the system changes, for example by increasing its temperature. A plot of the temperature versus time is called the heating curve. |
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| a liquid is one of the states of matter. The particles in a liquid are free to flow, so while a liquid has a definite volume, it does not have a definite shape. |
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| melting is the process by which a substance changes from the solid phase to the liquid phase. |
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| The temperature at which a solid and liquid phase may coexist in equilibrium. The term applies to pure liquids and solutions. |
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| a physically distinctive form of matter, such as a solid, liquid, gas or plasma. A phase of matter is characterized by having relatively uniform chemical and physical properties. Phases are different from states of matter. The states of matter (e.g., liquid, solid, gas) are phases, but matter can exist in different phases yet the same state of matter. For example, mixtures can exist in multiple phases, such as an oil phase and an aqueous phase. |
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| A physical change is a type of change in which the form of matter is altered but one substance is not transformed into another. |
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| state of matter characterized by particles arranged such that their shape and volume are relatively stable. The constituents of a solid tend to be packed together much closer than the particles in a gas or liquid. |
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| Specific heat is the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of one gram of a substance by 1°C. |
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one of the ways in which matter can interact with itself to form a homogeneous phase.
solid, liquids, gases, plasma |
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| Sublimation is the transition from the solid phase to the gas phase without passing through an intermediate liquid phase. This endothermic phase transition occurs at temperatures and pressures below the triple point. |
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| the phase transition of a substance from the liquid phase to the gas phase. |
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