Term
| What is the nucleus of an atom? |
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Definition
| The middle of the atom containing protons & neutrons. It has a positive charge overall and is tiny compared to the rest of the atom. |
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Term
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Definition
| They move around the nucleus occupying shells (which explain the whole of chemistry). They are negatively charged. |
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Term
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Definition
| They are positively charges inside the nucleus. The number of protons always equals the number of electrons in an atom. |
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Term
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Definition
| They have no charge and are in the nucleus. |
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Term
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Definition
| A substance containing only one type of atom. |
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Term
| What is the Periodic table? |
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Definition
| A table containing elements laid out so that elements with similar properties form columns called groups. |
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Term
| What do all of the elements in a group have in common? |
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Definition
| They all have the same number of electrons in their outer shell. |
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Term
| What are Group 0 in the periodic table? |
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Definition
| They are the noble gases and have a full outer shell which means they are all stable and unreactive. |
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Term
| Name the 5 rules of Electron Shells. |
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Definition
1.Electrons always occupy shells
2. The lowest energy levels are always filled first
3. Only a certain number of electrons are allowed in each shell: 1st = 2, 2nd = 8, 3rd = 8, 4th = 8 and so on
4. Atoms need full electron shells to become unreactive
5.If the outer shell is not full then the atom will react to fill it
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Term
| What is the top number of an atom in the periodic table? |
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Definition
| The Mass Number (total number of protons and neutrons) |
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Term
What is the bottom number of an atom in the periodic table? |
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Definition
| The Atomic Number (The number of Protons/Electrons) |
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Term
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Definition
When a compound is formed from a metal ion and a non-metal ion. The metal atom lose electrons to form positive ions and the non-metal atoms gain electrons to form negative ions. The opposite charges mean the ions are strongly attracted to each other.
eg.NaCl |
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Term
What is Covalent Bonding?
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Definition
A compound formed from non-metals. Each atom shares an electron with another atom. Each atom has to make enough covalent bonds to fill up its outer shell.
eg. HCl |
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Term
| What is the equation for the Thermal Decomposition of Limestone (Calcium Carbonate)? |
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Definition
Calcium Carbonate ➙ Calcium Oxide + Carbon Dioxide
CaCO3(s) ➙ CaO(s) + CO2(g)
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Term
What is the equation for the reaction of Limestone (Calcium Carbonate) with Sulfuric Acid?
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Definition
Calcium Carbonate + Sulfuric Acid ➙ Calcium Sulfate + Water + Carbon Dioxide
CaCO3 ➙ H2SO4 + H20 + CO2
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Term
| Name three Limestone uses in building materials. |
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Definition
1. Cement
2. Mortar
3. Concrete |
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Term
| Name five disadvantages of Quarrying Limestone. |
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Definition
1. Makes huge ugly holes which damage the landscape.
2. Makes lots of (noise) pollution.
3. Destroys habitats of animals and birds.
4. The limestone needs to be transported away from the quarry in lorries causing more (noise) pollution and traffic.
5. Waste materials cause unslightly tips. |
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Term
Name five advantages of Quarrying Limestone.
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Definition
1. Provides things that people need (houses and roads).
2. Limestone products are used to neutralise acidic soil.
3. Limestone is used in power station chimneys to neutralise sulfur dioxide (a cause of acid rain).
4. The quarry and associated buisnesses provide jobs and brings more money into the local economy.
5. Once quarrying is complete, landscaping and restoration of the area is normally required as part of the planning permission. |
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Term
Name five advantages of Limestone.
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Definition
1. Widely available
2. Hard-wearing
3. Don't rot
4. Doesn't corrode
5. Fire-reststant |
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Term
Name two disadvantages of Limestone. |
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Definition
1. Unattractive to look at
2. Low tensile strength |
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Term
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Definition
| A rock which contains enough metal to make it worthwile extracting. |
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Term
| How can Metals be Extracted from their Ores Chemically? |
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Definition
| By reduction with carbon. This removes the oxgen and only works with metals below carbon in the reactivity series. |
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Term
How can Metals be Extracted from their Ores if the metal is higher than Carbon in the Reactivity Series? |
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Definition
| By electrolysis. This process is the breaking down of a substance using electricity. This requires a liquid to conduct the electricity called the electrolyte. The electrolyte has free ions which conduct the electricity. |
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Term
| How is Electrolysis used to get Copper? |
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Definition
Electrons are pulled off copper atoms at the Anode causing them to go into solution as Cu2+ ions.
Cu2+ ions near the Cathode gain electrons and turn back into copper atoms.
The impurities are dropped off at the Anode as sludge, whilst pure copper atoms bond to the Cathode. |
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Term
| Are Copper-rich Ores in good or short supply? |
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Definition
| Short Supply. So it is important to recycle as much copper as possible as the demand for copper is growing. This means there would be shortages in the future. |
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Term
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Definition
| Using bacteria to seperate copper from copper sulfide. The bacteria get energy fromm the bond between copper and sulfur, seperating the copper from the ore. The leachate contains copper which can be extracted through filtering. |
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Term
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Definition
| Involves growing plants in soil that contains copper. The plants can't get rid or use the copper so it gradually builds up in the leaves. The plants can be harvested, dried and burned in a furnace. The copper can be collected from the ash left in the furnace. |
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Term
| Name three properties of metals. |
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Definition
1. Strong (hard to break)
2. Good heat conductors
3. Good electricity conductors |
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Term
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Definition
| When stresses and strains are put repeatedly on metals over time causing metals breaking. This can be very dangerous especially in planes. |
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Term
| What metal is used for Replacement Hips? |
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Definition
| Titanium because it doesn't corrode when in contact with water and it is light and firm. |
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Term
| Why is Pure Iron so bendy? |
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Definition
| Once all impurities have been taken out, the iron has a regular arrangement of regular atoms. These layers can slide over each other making the iron soft and easily shaped. |
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Term
| What metals is Bronze made of? |
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Definition
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Term
What metals is Cupronickel of? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A mixture of Hydrocarbons. |
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Term
| How does the Fractionating Column work? |
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Definition
| Heated crude oil is piped in at the bottom. The vaporised oil rises up the column and the various fractions are constantly tapped off at different levels where they condense. |
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Term
| What is the formula for Alkanes? |
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Definition
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Term
What is the formula for Alkenes? |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the first four Alkanes. |
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Definition
1. Methane
2. Ethane
3. Propane
4. Butane |
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Term
Complete the sentence
'The shorter the molecules, the ____ viscous the hydrocarbon is.' |
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Definition
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Term
Complete the sentence
'The shorter the molecules, the ____ volatile the hydrocarbon is.' |
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Definition
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Term
Complete the sentence
'The shorter the molecules, the _____ the boiling point of the hydrocarbon is.' |
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Definition
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Term
| Name three advantages of Crude Oil. |
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Definition
1. They burn cleanly
2. Massive industry
3. More reliable than other power |
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Term
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Definition
| Acid rain forms when sulfur dioxide mixes with clouds forming sulfuric acid which then falls as rain. |
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Term
What are the effects of Acid Rain? |
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Definition
| It causes lakes to become acidic and many plants and animals die as a result. It kills trees and damages limestone buildings and stone statues. |
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Term
| How can you reduce Sulfur Emissions? |
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Definition
1. Removing it from the fuels before they're burnt (More expensive as it takes more energy).
2. Acid Gas Scrubbers - they take the harmful gases out of the power stations before the fumes are released into the atmosphere.
3. Reduce our usage of fossil fuels. |
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Term
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Definition
| When particles of soot and ash are released into the atmosphere when fossil fuels are burnt. These particles reflect sunlight back into space and/or produce more clouds - less sunlight is reaching Earth. |
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Term
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Definition
| A Biofuel produced from fermentation plant material. |
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Term
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Definition
| A Biofuel produced from vegetable oils such as rapeseed oil and soybean oil. |
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Term
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Definition
| A renewable energy source produced from the electrolysis of water. |
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Term
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Definition
| The CO2 released when it's burnt is taken in by the plants as they grow so it is Carbon Neutral. |
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Term
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Definition
The CO2 released when it's burnt is taken in by the plants as they grow so it is Carbon Neutral. Also engines don't need to be converted.
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Term
| Name a Pro of Hydrogen Gas. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Engines need to be converted before they'll work. |
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Term
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Definition
| Could increase food prices as more land will be used to farm the crops to make biodiesel rather than food crops. |
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Term
Name a Con of Hydrogen Gas. |
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Definition
| Isn't widely available and is hard to store. |
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