Term
- Percentage of Earth’s water, both surface and total volume
CH 5
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Definition
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Term
Bottled water vs tap water, differences in purity, safety, and cost
CH 5
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Definition
- bottled water $250 to $10,000 more than tap
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- tap: safe not pure Cheapest
- filtered: safe, not pure, middle
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Term
Definitions: potable, aquifer, ground, surface, solute, solvent, solution
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Definition
- potable - fit for consumption able to drink
- aquifer - underground water
- ground - pumped from wells drilled into underground aquifers
- surface - from lakes, rivers, reservoirs
- solute - Substances dissolved in a solvent – usually present in the lesser amount.
- solvent - Substances capable of dissolving other substances – usually present in the greater amount.
- solution - homogeneous mixture of uniform composition
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Term
Molarity: what is it, how expressed, calculate (moles, volume)
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Definition
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Term
Hydrogen bonding: covalent bonding, which is stronger
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Definition
- Hydrogen bond is an electrostatic attraction between an atom 1+ positive charge in one molecule and 1- charge in a neighboring molecule. The H atom must be bonded to an O, N, or F atom.
H–bonds are intermolecular bond
- stronger than covalent bonds
- Covalent bond intramolecular bonds
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Term
Conductivity of aqueous solutions, dissociation
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Definition
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(a) Pure distilled water (nonconducting)
(b) Sugar dissolved in water (nonconducting): a nonelectrolyte
(c) NaCl dissolved in water (conducting): an electrolyte
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Term
Water treatment plant: basic operation and 4 key steps
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Definition
- *filtration passes through a screen and flocculating agent
- *flocculation goes through paddles and flocculation
- passes through setting tank
- *filtration goes through coal, sand filter
- passes through a pump
- *Chlorination goes through chlorination
- kills bacteria
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Term
| Ozonation vs chlorination of municipal water plants * |
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Definition
| chlorinate water to kill bacteria |
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Term
- Heavy metals in drinking water, (lead, mercury, cadmium)
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Definition
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- *intermolecular bonds are Hydrogen bonds ()
- *intramolecular bonds are covalent (the same)
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Term
Reverse Osmosis & Distillation how they work, sea water purification
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Definition
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Term
Acids, bases: definitions, key characteristics, what are the ions involved
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Definition
- Acid - a substance that releases hydrogen ions H++ in aq
- Base - any compound that produces hydroxide OH
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Term
Neutralization: definition, what is meant by it in terms of [ ] of H+ and OH-
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Definition
- Neutralization - when acids and bases react with each other, reactions hydrogen from an acid combine with hydroxide ions from a base to form molecules in water
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- acid solutions are higher concentration of H+
- basic solutions are higher concentration of OH-
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Term
What is pH, low pH, high pH, examples of each, pH scale (0-14)
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Definition
- ph scale (pink acid left)1...........7.............14 (blue base right)
- low ph is pink acidic 1-6
- high ph is blue base 8-14
- between 5.6 and 7 is when normal rain has ph
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Term
Why is “normal” rain acidic, pH of normal rain, what causes the acidity
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Definition
- CO2 carbon dioxide
- sox and nox cause acid rain (SO2 and NO3)
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Term
What are the key pollutants in acid rain, where do they come from, how do they cause acidity, how are they mitigated to reduce acid rain
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Definition
| coal powered electric plants, |
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Term
How does acid rain affect our world (buildings, monuments, lakes, etc),
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Definition
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Materials: deteriorates buildings cultural objects and cars decreasing value (rusting metal)
Human Health: sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide in air increases death from asthma and bronchitis
Visibility: impairs visibility and affects enjoyment of national parks and other scientific views
Surface water: injures animal life in lakes and streams
Forests: impairs the growth of trees and wild life as well as injuring insects
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Term
Batteries, galvanic cells, electrolytic cells
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Definition
- Batteries: system for the direct conversion of chemical energy to electrical energy.
- Galvanic cells: a device that converts the energy released in a spontaneous chemical reaction into electrical energy.
- Electrolytic cells
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Term
Oxidation (loss of e’s), Reduction (gain of e’s)
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Definition
- orange ant oxidation and anoid
- red cat reduction at cathoid
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Term
Types of common galvanic cells, what they are used for, characteristics that are needed for cell phones, ipods, pda’s
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Definition
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- Alkaline 1.5 volts not Rechargeable flashlights
- lithium iodine 2.7 not Rechargeable pacemakers
- lithium ion 3.7 yes laptops cellphones (lightweight, run for awhile, solid and rechargable)
- lead acid 2.0 yes car battery
- nickel cadmium 1.3 yes cameras and power tools
- nickel metal hydride (NiMH 1.3) yes hybrid vehicle battery
- mercury 1.3 no used to be battery but now being banned
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Term
Storage batteries, reversible, alternators in cars
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Definition
- Storage batteries: (old batteries) lead acid are storage batteries, anode = Pb lead, cathode = PbO2
- Reversible: makes batteries rechargeable
- Alternators in car: charge the battery while vehicle is on
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Term
- Basic design of fuel cell, its main advantage
- a galvanic cell that produces electricity by converting the chemical energy of a fuel directly into electricity without burning the fuel.
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Definition
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Term
Electrolysis: water converted to H2 and O2, main drawbacks
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Definition
| well water is ground water and safer to drink |
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Term
Hydrogen as a fuel, advantages, key disadvantages
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Definition
| (expensive to produce, difficult to transport) |
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Term
- Photovoltaic cells (solar panels), best used for, why not used for cars
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Definition
- Photovoltaic cells are light electrical energy
- best used for solar energy)
- solar energy takes sunlight to produce electrical energy (chemical reaction)
- not good for cars because would require a large solar panel which is probably bigger then vehicle
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- doping ( putting impurities in silcon conductor to facilitate flow of electrons)
- ( excess energy can be stored in battery to operate at night)
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