Term
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Definition
| one or more carbons w/ hydrogen attachments singly bonded in a straight or branched chain. less than 5 C is gas. methane, ethane, propane, butane, pentane, hexane. CnH2n+2 |
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Term
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Definition
| An alkyl group is a functional group or side-chain that consists solely of singly-bonded carbon and hydrogen atoms, for example a methyl or ethyl group. CnH2n+1 |
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Term
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Definition
| molecules with the same molecular formula have atoms bonded together in different orders, as opposed to stereoisomerism. (isoflurane & enflurane) |
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Term
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Definition
| an unsaturated chemical compound containing at least one carbon-to-carbon double bond. unsaturated compounds make them reactive. CnH2n. |
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Term
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Definition
| hydrocarbons that have at least one triple bond between two carbon atoms. alkynes are unstable and reactive. triple bond is 180 degrees, no cis and trans. CnH2n-2 |
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Term
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Definition
| any organic compound in which a hydroxyl group (-OH) is bound to a carbon atom of an alkyl (replaces H) or substituted alkyl group. COH. |
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Term
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Definition
| an alcohol which has the hydroxyl radical connected to a primary carbon. It can also be defined as a molecule containing a “–CH2OH” group. (ethanol and butanol). |
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Term
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Definition
| the alcohol carbon is attached to two other carbons |
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Term
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Definition
| the alcohol carbon is attached to three other carbons. |
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Term
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Definition
| contains a terminal carbonyl group, O=CH. oxidizing a primary alcohol removes 2 hydrogens from the terminal C , forming aldehyde & H2O |
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Term
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Definition
| an oxygen atom and a hydrogen atom connected by a covalent bond. -OH |
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Term
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Definition
| carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom : C=O. |
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Term
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Definition
| chemical compound that contains a carbonyl(O=C) linked to two other carbons. R1(CO)R2. Formed from secondary alcohol. |
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Term
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Definition
| carboxyl group -COOH and hydroxyl group -OH on a hydrocarbon. |
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Term
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Definition
| formed by combining an alcohol & an acid (remove OH from acid O=COH and a hydrogen from alcohol hydroxy group. R-C(=O)-O-R (esmolol, some locals) |
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Term
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Definition
| two radical groups joined by an atom of O. R–O–R' |
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Term
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Definition
| halogenated ethers (chloride, fluoride, bromide) |
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Term
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Definition
| basic nitrogen atom with a lone pair. Amines are derivatives of ammonia (NH3), w/ one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by organic substituents R groups. primary (1 R), secondary (2R), tertiary (3R), quaternary (4). quaternary bases form part of muscle relaxants, cholinergics, epinephrine |
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Term
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Definition
| a carbonyl group (C=O) linked to a nitrogen atom (N), or a compound that contains this functional group. a derivative of a carboxylic acid in which the hydroxyl group has been replaced by an amine or NH3. lidocaine |
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Term
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Definition
| contains an amino group (-NH2) and a carboxylic acid group (COOH) |
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Term
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Definition
| Nitroso groups or nitrites; heterocyclic ring structures containing N; form basis for pyridines, purines (adenine & guanine, xanthines, caffeine), pyrroles, alkaloids(pyridines are subset of alkaloids, atropine & scopalamine, codeine, morphine, dopamine) |
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Term
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Definition
| Formed by replacing O w/ S |
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Term
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Definition
| cis & trans stereoisomerism describing the orientation of functional groups within a molecule. In general, such isomers contain double bonds, which cannot rotate, but they can also arise from ring structures, wherein the rotation of bonds is greatly restricted. |
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Term
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Definition
| Identical structural (& molecular) formula but different spatial arrangement (optical isomers) (enantiomers, chiral) |
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Term
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Definition
| 3-7 carbon straight chain w/ carbonyl & hydroxyl groups; monosaccharides, di, oligo & poly; fxn: fuel source, bldg blocks for lipids, AA, glycolipids, glycoproteins |
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Term
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Definition
| straight carbon chains w/ methyl & carboxyl groups; fuel, precursor of bile salts; eicosanoids, prostaglandins, thromboxanes, leukotrienes from arachadonic acid (fatty acid): inflammatory cascades |
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Term
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Definition
| AA joined by peptide bonds; form chains to make 3D structures; enzymes, hormones, receptors, ABs, contractile elements (ex insulin) |
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Term
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Definition
| Nitrogenous base, sugar & phosphate; transfer energy as ATP; |
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Term
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Definition
| composed of nitrogenous base & sugar. purines (adenine & guanine) & pyramadines (thymine & cytosine) (DNA & RNA) |
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Term
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Definition
complementary, w/ purine bound to pyrimidine DNA: Adenine(purine) to Thymine (pyrim), and guanine(purine) to cytosine (pyrim) & deoxyribose sugar RNA: Thymine replaced w/ Uracil & ribose sugar |
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Term
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Definition
| Proteins act as catalyst to increase rate or chem rxn; specific; use of non-protein co-factors to increase activity & facilitate e- transfers |
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Term
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Definition
| increase/decrease substrate or product; induction or inhibition; modulator proteins regulate activity w/ conformational changes (GABA); neg feedback loops; isoenzymes w/ different roles of same enzyme in different tissue (CP445) |
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Term
| Michaelis-Menton kinetics |
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Definition
rate of reaction is proportionate to concentration of enzyme -substrate complex; enzyme-catalysed reactions are saturable so their rate of catalysis does not show a linear response to increasing substrate. If the initial rate of the reaction is measured over a range of substrate concentrations (denoted as [S]), the reaction rate (v) increases as [S] increases. However, as [S] gets higher, the enzyme becomes saturated with substrate and the rate reaches Vmax, the enzyme's maximum rate. |
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Term
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Definition
| aerobic production of oxidation of CO2, producing ATP generation |
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Term
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Definition
| energy transformation & re-generation of ATP |
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Term
| oxidative phosphorylation |
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Definition
| glycolysis, fatty acid oxidation, ketone body oxidation, citric acid cycle: energy is converted to high energy phosphate bonds. a metabolic pathway that uses energy released by the oxidation of nutrients to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP). |
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Term
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Definition
| acetyl-CoA is the thioester between coenzyme A (a thiol) and acetic acid (an acyl group carrier). Acetyl-CoA conveys the carbon atoms within the acetyl group to the citric acid cycle to be oxidized for energy production; provides electrons to transport chain. |
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Term
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Definition
| lactic acid cycle (anaerobic energy production) |
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Term
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Definition
| one carbon atom attached to an oxygen atom by a double bond and to a hydroxyl group by a single bond. COOH |
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