single-atom ions

silver (Ag) 1B +1

cadmium (Cd), zinc (Zn) 2B +2

appears as cpl diff cations. can form polyatomic ion

mercury (I)= Hg2 +2

mercury (II)= Hg +2

1. name metal cation

2. nonmetal anion:

if monatomic, add "-ide"

if polyatomic, just say name

1. identify metal/nonmetal

2. find their charges (groups on pdic tbl)

3. crisscross charges -> sub/superscript

# and type of ea el

H₂O

C₆H₁₂O₆

simplest whole-# ratio

H₂O

CH₂O

molecule

(def+ 1 nt)

2 or more atoms joined by covalent bond.

not nec bigger th atom (U atom bigger th H mol)

nomenclature: binary covalent cmpds

(2 steps, 4 nts)

1. name el furthest to lt on pdic tbl

except: halogens come before O

if hay tie (sm group), one closest to bottom

2. G prefix-(2nd el)-ide

ex: nitrogen trifluoride

never use "mono"

ionic cmpds w spec # water mols attached to them

not bonded (ionically or covalently), could be boiled off.

ratio water mols:formula units ionic cmpd always consistent

nomenclature: hydrates

(2 steps, 2 nts)

1. name ionic cmpd

2. G prefix-(+ water mols)-"hydrate"

ex: copper (II) sulfate hexahydrate

CuSO₄•6H₂O

subs weve known for a long time

water: H₂O

ammonia: NH₃

nomenclature: hydrocarbons

(2 steps+ 1 nt)

1. mother eats peanut butter

methane ethane propane butane

(pentane hexane heptane...)

2. # H's= 2(# C's)+2

ex: propane C₃H₈

binary acids

(def+ 2 nts)

subs t release H+ ions (pns) when dissolved in water

often contain H+ ions and anionic group

ex: pure sub HCl blir hydrochloric acid (H+ Cl-)

nomenclature: oxoacids

(2 steps+ 2 nts)

1. name anion

-ate -> -ic

-ite -> -ous

2. add "acid"

ex: HNO₃= nitric acid

"ic acid"+ 1 O= "per...ic acid"

ex: perchloric acid

"ic acid"-1 O= "ous acid"

ex: chlorous acid

"ic acid"-2 O's= "hypo...ous acid"

ex: hypochlorous acid

oxoacids w same central atom but diff # O's

matter is neither created nor destroyed

dalton: atoms cant be sep.ed, destroyed, or turned into other kinds of atoms. chem reactions are just the rearrangement of atoms

if you break down sub into its components, always same ratios of els

dalton: atoms combine in spec ratios and have spec masses. ea el has fixed fraction of cmpd's mass

if you change ratios of pure subs you get diff compds. complementary to fundl law of def comp

dalton: sm kinds of atoms have sm masses. atoms combine in small, whole-# ratios

(2) daltons atomic theory postulates

besides those ya named in fund law cards

all matter is m/o atoms

atoms cant bli diff kinds of atoms thru chem reactions

(but can bind to make cmpds)

rutherfords model of the atom

(4 r nts)

elementary partles are matter bc they have mass

pns are 2000x size of ens

nns same sz as pns. made by pn and en fusing ihop

vast majority of atom mass m/o pns and nns

atoms of same els w diff #s of nns in n

(have same number pns)

H= only el w diff names for its isotopes.

(us. "Uranium-235")

₂¹H= deuterium

₃¹H= tridium (radioactive)

type of atom deps on # pns - ch.ing t would ch atom to another el

ch in nns gives you isotope - ch.s stability, phys props

ch in ens gives atom a charge

chemistry

(2 defs)

study of matter, its props, the ch.s it undergoes, and the e assoced w those ch.s

or: making and breaking of bonds

models

(def+ 3 exs)

expl of obsed phen

ball-and-stick

statement

=tions

sci method

(3 steps)

Obsn

Repn

Interpretation

unifying princ t expls body of facts and/or those laws t are based on them

ex: atomic theory

only one type of atom present

seen on pdic tbl

def shp and vol

mols held together w little motion

indef shape, def vol

some motion, takes containers shape

indef shape, indef vol

mols spread apart, completely fill container

tera

giga

mega

nano

10^12

^9

^6

^-9

lb -> oz -> g

gal -> L

1 lb= 16 oz= 453.6 g

1 gal= 3.784 L

K -> C

F -> C

C -> F

C= K-273.15

C= (5/9)(F-32)

F= (9/5)C+32

sig figs!

(5 rules)

1. any nonzero digit is sig

2. zeros bw nonzeros are sig

3. lding zeros arent sig

4. pos #s: zeros rt of dec pt are sig, unless theyre lding

5. 560= 2 sigfigs, 560.= 3 sigfigs

no more digits to rt of dec th any of orig #s

ex: 89.332+1.1= 90.4

use smallest # sigfigs

ex: 4.51/3.6666= 1.23