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| in cellulose, O atom joins two rings using two ___________ bonds |
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| in starch, O atom joins two rings using one __________ and one ___________ bond |
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| different compounds with the same molecular formula |
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| (structural isomers) differ in the way atoms are connected on each other, and have: (1) different names, (2) same or different functional groups, (3) different physical properties, (4) different chemical properties |
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Definition
| differ only in the way atoms are oriented in space, and have: (1) identical names, besides cis/trans prefix; (2) the same functional groups |
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| molecule that is NOT superimposable on its mirror image |
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| molecule that IS superimposable on its mirror image |
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| mirror images that are NOT superimposable |
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| a carbon atomm bonded to 4 different groups |
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Term
| to be chiral, a molecule must have_______. |
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Term
| with one tetrahedral stereogenic center, a molecule is always/never chiral? |
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Term
| with two+ stereogenic centers, a molecule is chiral/achiral? |
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Definition
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Term
| achiral molecules must contain: |
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Definition
| a plane of symmetry, but chiral molecules do not |
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Term
| rules needed to assign priority to each group bonded to the sterogenic center: |
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Definition
1. highest atomic number gets highest priority
2. if 2 are the same, assign according to atomic number of atoms bonded to it
3. treat multiply bonded atoms as an equivalent number of singly bonded atoms |
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Definition
| right, or clockwise, when 4 is in back |
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| Left, or counterclockwise, when 4 is in back |
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Term
| for n stereocenters, the maximum # of stereoisomers is... |
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Term
| steps to find all stereoisomers |
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Definition
1. draw one stereoisomer by arbitrarily arranging substituents, and draw its mirror image
2. draw a 3rd by switching the positions of any 2 groups on one stereogenic center, then draw its mirror image
3. check for identical molecules |
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| stereoisomers that are not mirror images of each other |
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| an achiral compound that contains tetrahedral stereogenic centers (must contain a plane of symmetry in one conformatino and must have at least 2 stereogenic centers) |
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Term
| the chemical and physical properties of two enantiomers are identical except in their interaction with _______ substances |
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Term
| with achiral compounds, light exits the sample tube changed/unchanged? |
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| a compound that rotates the plane of polarized light (chiral compounds) |
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Definition
| when light is rotated clockwise (+) |
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| when light is rotated counterclockwise (-) |
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| an equal amount of two enantiomers (optically inactive) |
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Term
| specific rotation equation |
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Definition
[a] = a/ (lxC)
a=observed angle of rotation
l=length of sample tube (dm)
C= concentration (g/mL) |
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Term
| enantiomeric excess equation |
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Definition
| ee = % of one enantiomer - % of the other enantiomer |
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Term
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Definition
| ee= [a] mixture / [a] pure enantiomer x 100% |
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