Term
| What percent salt is ocean water? |
|
Definition
| 3.5% (Galapagos:3.8%, Dead Sea:32%) |
|
|
Term
| Which ions are components of sea salt? |
|
Definition
| Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, (HCO3)-, Cl-, (SO4)2- |
|
|
Term
| What is the Chyrsilladome? |
|
Definition
| An "energy flow" hoax by Fred Bell ("minerals are vital in life"), also invented the "pyradyne hydrogen quantum sound generator" |
|
|
Term
| Sodium reaction with water |
|
Definition
| Na+2H2O-->NaOH+H2 +FLAME!! |
|
|
Term
| Salt Flats mentioned in lecture? |
|
Definition
| Bolivia: salt flats (tourist attraction), Chile: large mineral deposits, Christopher Pratt (artist: "salt shed interior") |
|
|
Term
| What percentage sodium is table salt? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the recommended daily intake of sodium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Increased salt intake causes? |
|
Definition
hypertension (high blood pressure)
--> increased salt in body= decreased water= harder to circulate blood throughout system |
|
|
Term
| Normal Blood Pressure levels vs High Blood Pressure levels |
|
Definition
Normal=120/80
High=150/100 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Mrs. Dash: variety of flavours, decrease salt amount because of other spices used in combination
No Salt: KCl, different flavour, decreased contribution to blood pressue levels |
|
|
Term
| Which is larger, Na+ or K+? |
|
Definition
K+>Na+
sensitive ratio between the two because of sodium/potassium channels in cell membranes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Na, Ca, Fe mostly
Ca, P (macro)
V, Mo, Sn, Fe (micro) |
|
|
Term
| Sources & importance of Molybdenum? |
|
Definition
Sources: nuts, canned vegetables, bread
Importance: essential constituent of enzymes (xanthine) which help break down uric acid which can prevent gout
Recommended Daily Intake: ~2mg/day |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
2-5g exist in body
10-20mg recommended intake/day
low iron levels= anemia
hemochromatosis
important in hemoglobin: (iron in middle to bond with oxygen) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
genetic disorder: body absorbs abnormal amount of iron (can be induced by cooking in iron pots)
-body stoes iron in heart, live, pancreas & joints
-can induce heart disease, liver disease or arthritis |
|
|
Term
| Where can Iron be supplemented? |
|
Definition
meat, broccoli
best absorbed when taken with vitamin C
Geritol: 1 mL=3 mg
Slow release iron supplements |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Genetic disorder: an important part of hemeglobin (heme) is not made properly, results in elevated amounts of porphryn produced, affects nervous system and skin, elevated hair growth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
~0.003% of body weight
sequestered in hair
necessary for feeling & smell
20% people have low zinc levels
sources: clams, paenuts, meats
vegetarians have low zinc amounts |
|
|
Term
| Disorders related to Zinc |
|
Definition
Aspergillus niger (black mold, fungus): respiratory problems
Anosmia: no sense of taste
Ranaud's Diease: cirulation issues
Schizofrenia
Prostate Diseases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
part of Halogen family
sublimes into gas
purple in elemental form
ionic iodine: can cause goiter, needed by thyroid gland for fat metabolism
150 microg/day |
|
|
Term
| Why are goiter levels higher in Kazakhstan? |
|
Definition
decreased levels of iodine in salt
need to mine KI to add to salt (5 cents/person/year needed to reduce goiter)
2 000 000 000 people worldwide have an iodine deficiency |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
50+ microg/day
antioxidant working with vitamin E
sources: garlic, onion, seaweed, brazil nuts, tuna
(China produces ~75% of garlic) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
99% calcium intake goes to bones + teeth (~1kg)
1% nerve transmission + blood clotting
~1 g/day needed (incresed between 10-20 yo)
|
|
|
Term
| What are low levels of calcium linked with? |
|
Definition
midlife hypertension
heart disease
post menopausal & senile osteoporosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 70/(% change)= time to half or double (depending on whether % change is an increase or decrease) |
|
|
Term
| What are the mechanisms of Calcium loss and gain? |
|
Definition
osteoclasts: carry calcium away from cells
osteoblasts: build up calcium in cells
|
|
|
Term
| Medications to prevent calcium loss? |
|
Definition
Fosomax: reduces amount of osteoclasts (increase in bone mass by 3%/year) S.E.: GI issues, jawbone death
Zometa/Reclast: same as Fosomax but less frequent dosage & less side effect
(decreases hip fractures by 40%) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
increased sales
CaCO3 (caltrate): taken with meals (HCl helps break down
OS-Cal: #2 supplement (high dissolution rate)
often taken with vitamin D
BUT! if taken too much, hip fractures can increase because PO4 absorption has decrease--> fine chemical balance |
|
|
Term
| Food sources for phosphorous: |
|
Definition
| milk, yogurt, cheese, meat, fish, chicken, turkey, coke |
|
|
Term
| Food sources for calcium: |
|
Definition
dairy, fish, broccoli, turnip greens
|
|
|
Term
| Testing methods for calcium levels? |
|
Definition
xrays, CT scans, blood drawn
single + double photon-absorptometry (least invasive) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| peptide which is ingested |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
attempting to increase estrogen after menopause
helps prevent osteoporosis, and decrease the risk heart disease but can increase risk of breast & uterin cancer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Replacinge OH in hydroxy apatite with fluoride
=>increased bone strength, increased osteoblast formation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
increases bon mass
(Boron also does this) |
|
|
