Moles Solute

Liters Solution

Moles Solute

Kg Solvent

  %  =    Mass of Solute        x 100

                        Mass of Solution

      X = Mole of Solute or Interest     

             Moles of Solute + Mole Solvent

P_{comp. =} X_comp. P_{O (inital)}

P_c = expected pressure in solution    

X_c = mol fraction of compound         

P_O = pressure of comp. in pure state

ΔT_b = K_bm

ΔT_b = change in b.p elevation            

K_b = b.p elevation constant               

m = molality of solution                   

Grams

Moles

ΔT_f = K_fm

ΔT_f = change in f.p elevation

K_f = f.p elevation constant   

         m = molality  

π = MRT

M = molarity         

R = gas constant   

T = temp. in kelvin

O

NH₂

O

CH₃

O

OH

O

COOH

O

O=C

double bond

Ketones = doube bond on interior carbon     

Aldehyde = double bond on terminal carbon 

Particles are Helium nuclei

Designated as:  ^4₂He

Particles are Electrons

Designated as:  -1⁰e

(neutron is converted to a proton and a electron)

Particles are high energy Photons

Designated as:  γ

electron + proton = neutron

When an Electron is captured by the nucleus from its orbital and is combined with a proton to form a neutron.

Positively charged particles with the same mass as electrons.

Designated as:   1⁰e

E=mc²

E = energy                      

m = mass                        

c = speed of light constant

(Mass converted into energy = loss of mass)

1 Joule = Kgm² / s²

1 J. = 4.184 cal

Rate = KA

Rate = ΔA

           Δt

ln A_t - ln A_o = -Kt

(y = mx + b form. Slope of line = -k)

K = rate constant for a particular isotope

A = amount of isotope in sample            

t = time                                              

t_1/2 = 0.693

        k

also

k = 0.693

        t_1/2