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| is the study of the composition, structure, and properties of matter, and the changes, which it under goes |
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| is anything that has mass and takes up space |
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| a type of matter, that always has the same composition and properties wherever it is found |
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| Matter is composed of _________, which is composed of _______ |
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| One substance changes to another by reorganizing the way the atoms are attached to eachother |
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1. Observations (collecting data)
2. A Prediction (formulating a hypothesis
3. Performing experiments |
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| 3 Fundamental elements of the Scientific Method |
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| Some observations that are simple descriptions about the characteristics or behavior |
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| Some oberservations involve both number and units (measurements) |
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| a possible interpretation or explanation for an observation |
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| An attempt to explain why it happens, Set of tested hypotheses that vgives an overall explanation of some natural phenomenon |
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- Describes how nature behaves
- Summary of oberservations that combines all past observations into one general statement
- Allows you to predict future observations
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| The Scientific Method is used to create laws and theories that help explain ___________ the world behaves the way it does. |
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kilo = 1000
What is the Scientific Notation? |
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0.1 or 10-1
1 dL = 10 -1
1 L = 10 dL |
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0.01 or 10-2
1 cm = 10 -2
1 m = 100 cm |
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0.001 or 10 -3
1 ms = 10 -3 s
1 s = 103 or 1000 ms |
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0.000 001 or 10 -6
1 μg = 10-6 g
1 g = 106 μg |
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kg
m
L or m3
s
K for chemistry or °C |
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The Fundamental SI Units
Mass
Length
Volume
Time
Temperature |
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| How close a measurement comes to the real or "true" value |
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Reproducibility of a measurement
How closely measureents agree with one another |
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How many sig figs are in
50. L
25.0 °C
16.00 g |
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How many sig figs are in
4.0 x 105 m
5.70 x 10-3 g |
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How many sig figs are in
0.0004 lb
0.075 m |
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| Only ________ numbers take into account sig figs. _______ numbers are ignored when considering sig figs. |
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| When ________ or _________ you should have the same number of sig figs in the answer as the measurement with the fewest sig figs. |
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| When ______ or _______ you should have the same number of decimal places in the result as the measurement with the fewest decimal places |
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| Formula to convert °C to K |
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| Formula to convert K to °C |
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TC = (TF - 32 °F) . 5 °C
9 °F |
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| Formula to convert °F to °C |
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| Formula to convert °C to °F |
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| The Density of water 4 °C = |
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a definite shape and vol.
particles packed together in fixed arrangement
particles that move very slowly |
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a indefinite shape, definite vol.
same shape as container
particles that are close together, but have ability to move around slowly |
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an indefinite shape and vol.
same shape and vol. as container
particles that are far apart and move very fast
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| A ______, classified as matter with a specific composition, an element when composed of one type of atom, a compound when composed of two or more elements combined in a definite ratio |
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A ________ is matter that consists of
- two or more substances that are physically mixed not chemically combined
- two or more substances in diff. proportions
- substances that can be separated by physical methods
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- A mixture that
- the composition is uniform throughout
- the diff. parts of the mixture are not visible
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- A mixture that
- the composition is not uniform; it varies from one part of the mixture to another
- the diff parts of the mixture are visible
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A characteristic of the substance such as color, shape, odor, luster, size, melting point, and density
-directly observable |
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A characteristic that indicates the ability of a substance to form another substance
- paper can burn, iron can rust, and silver can tarnish |
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| A change in a physical property that retains the identity of the substance: a change of state, size, or shape |
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| A change in which the original substance is converted to one or more new substances: paper burns, iron rusts, silver tarnishes |
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Law of Conservation of Mass
Antoine Lavoisier 1743-1794
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In a chemical reaction, matter is neither created nor destroyed
total mass of reactants = total mass of products |
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Law of Definite Proportions
Joseph Proust (1754-1826) |
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| All samples of a given compound, regardless of their source or how they were prepared, have the same proportions of their constituent elements |
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Law of Multiple Proportions
John Dalton |
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When 2 elements form two diff compounds can be expressed as a ratio of small whole numbers
A3B4 |
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| JJ Thomson Experiment (1898-1903) |
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| Which experiment postulated the existence of electrons using cathode-ray tubes. Early experiments showed that the atom composed of only - charged particles but overall charge on atoms neutral |
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| Ernest Rutherford gold-foil experiment |
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In ________ experiment, + charged particles
- were aimed at atoms of gold
- mostly went straight through the atoms
- some were deflected only occasionally
- PROTONS
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| In the nucleus, positive charge (+1), mass of 1 am |
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| In the nucleus, no charge, mass of 1 am |
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Outside of the nucleus, negative charge (-1), mass of 1/2000 amu (basically
zero) |
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| Mass Number = # of ___ + # of ____ |
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are identified by their mass numbers
have diff number of neutrons |
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Bottom # = atomic number = # protons #electrons
Top # = mass number = # protons + # neutrons |
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Metals atoms bonded to Non Metals atoms
electrons have been transferred between atoms, resulting in oppositely charged ions
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two atoms share some of their electrons
- generally found when nonmetal atoms bonded together |
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| Mendeleev (1st Periodic Table) _________ - When the elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number, certain sets of properties recur periodically |
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solid at room temp. except Hg
reflective surface - shiny
conduct heat
conduct electricity
malleable - can be shaped
ductile - drawn or pulled into wires
lose electrons and form cations in reactions |
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found in all three states
poor conductors of heat and electricity
Solids are brittle
gain electrons in reactions to become anions
upper right on the table except H
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show some properties of metals and some of nonmetals
also known as semiconductors |
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Form 2 or more positive ions.
Zn2+, Ag+, Cd2+ |
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Most transition metals and Group 4 metals
with the exception of _________ |
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