Term
| physical/pubertal changes/health (adolescents) |
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Definition
- Adolescent growth spurt, reproductive organs mature
- Girls age 13, boys age15
- Girls: more body fat, menstruation begins
-Boys: add muscle, voice deepens, first ejaculation, taller
- Outcomes for early maturation: Girls= hitting growth spurt early has negative consequences- strongly linked to depression or poor school outcome, changes are more obvious. Boys= fewer negative outcomes- match up with girls, changes are more valued. |
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Term
| sexual behavior of adolescents |
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Definition
- First sexual intercourse likely to occur during adolescence before 18 (50%); boys more likely than girls
-Rates of contraception relatively low especially among younger adolescents
-Likely to become aware of sexual orientation |
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Term
| cognitive achievements of adolescents |
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Definition
- Capable of hypothetical and abstract thought: What if...
- Can coordinate theory and evidence, scientific thinking
- More self- conscious and self-focused, then less so
- More idealistic and critical: have a hard time with gray areas, hypocricy
- Cognitive monitoring improves: able to know how long it will take to finish something
-Better at everyday planning and decision making & future planning: particularly later in adolescence |
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Term
| schooling (transition to secondary school) of adolescents |
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Definition
- School transitions bring, result in temporary decreased in self-esteem
- Low achieving students across ethnicity and social class are more likely to have poorer academic and social outcomes |
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Term
| changes in parent-adolescent relationship |
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Definition
- Increased critical ability allows for more autonomy, potential conflict
- Can expect better decisions, but take into account cognitive limitations
- Continued parental involvement in school and extracurricular activities helps with achievement |
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Term
| changes in sibling relationships during adolescense |
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Definition
| Sibling relationships typically improve: children are improving in social and social cognitive skills, siblings are companions, supportive |
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Term
| identity development of adolescents |
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Definition
- Erikson- identity v. identity diffusion:
-Establishing a unified, holistic self-portrait that unifies the private self with the public self (acting yourself)
- Stability and consistency in self
- Prepares for future intimacy
- Identity “crisis”? - research indicates its not as much of a crisis as people think
- Marcia - Identity Statuses (occupation, political affiliation, religion, relationships)
- diffusion
- foreclosure
- moratorium
- achievement |
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Term
| peer relationships (cliques, crowds) of adolescents |
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Definition
- Spends more time with peers
- Conformity to peer pressure increases, then declines
- Peer groups organized around cliques and crowds
- Friendships based on intimacy and loyalty
- Shows increased gender stereotyping of attitudes and behavior |
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Term
| dating (characteristics of these relationships) of adolescents |
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Definition
- Tends to be intense and short lived
- Personality rated as most important reason fro dating by both boys and girls
- Quality of peer relationships related to quality of dating relationships |
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Term
| ways of promoting positive peer relationships of adolescents |
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Definition
1. Parents/Family- start conversations until you get a response
2. Peers- monitoring peer relationships, encourage behavior that promotes peer acceptance and high quality friendships, encouraging/rewarding outgoing behavior, self control, social skills, avoidance of aggression, respectful/polite behavior, good appearance/hygeine |
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Term
| ways to promote academic achievement of adolescents |
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Definition
• Involvement often declines, yet shouldn’t
- Direct communication of expectations
- Support for developing academic skills
- Frequency of talking to teachers
- Parent interest in planning for post- high school activities
- Parent monitoring of school work |
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