Term
| Why is adolescent pregnancy a concern in American society? What do we know about effective prevention? |
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Definition
| The US has highest adolescent pregnancy rates in industrialized world. Creates risks for both mother and baby: mothers drop out of school, never catch up economically, babies have lower birth weights and neurological problems. Many who become pregnant have low SES and low education interest. Family life education, peer and parental discussion, and school contraceptive knowledge helps prevent. (parents often seen as help with child). |
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Term
| Why is drug use in early adolescence more worrisome than drug use later in adolescence? |
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Definition
| Still many developmental changes and growth in body and brain. Can damage forming connections in brain. Can impact school performance, peer and parental relationships, overall health. Has more detrimental and long-term effects on developments of responsible behavior. Drugs can be seen as a coping mechanism. Can cause drop out, enter into work and marriage early with low SES, greater failure in adult roles. |
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Term
| What are some of the important influences on the development of eating disorders? Why does depression play an important roles? |
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Definition
| Mainly white adolescent girls. High standards set by upper SES competitive families. Cant live up to standards and perception of others. Take control of life by controlling weight. Trend of mothers who had an eating disorder with daughters with one too. Many suffer from depression from distorted body image. Media contributes. Physiological explanation: hypothalamus, endocrine, thyroid, metabolism. Psychological explanation: perfectionism, parental pressure, abuse, societal pressure. |
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Term
| How might adolescent egocentrism account for adolescents' reckless behavior? |
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Definition
| Fall into trap of egocentrism in decision making. Logical error occurs; more cognitive skill in class than with peers. More willing to make risky decision where substances are readily available. More emotionally intense and make bad decisions when emotional than calm. Invincibility Fable: belief that the law of physics and biology do not apply to them only others. Lack of consideration for logical consequences. |
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Term
| What are three characteristics of Formal Operational Thinking? |
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Definition
| Piaget. Characterized by more abstract rather than concrete thought. Improvements in metacognition. Speculate about ideal characteristics and compare to others. At same time of abstraction and idealism more logical thought. Engaging in hypothetical-deductive reasoning, develop hypotheses and solve problems efficiently. |
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Term
| What are some of the benefits of service learning for adolescents? |
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Definition
| Promotes social responsibility and service to community. Engage in activities such as tutoring, child-care, clean-up, hospital assistance. A goal is to help move away from egocentrism and help motivation to help others. Benefits not only adolescents, but recipients of help. Can also improve grades, increase goals, higher self-esteem, and increased likelihood of future volunteer work. |
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Term
| What are the different statuses of identity as defined by James Marcia? |
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Definition
| Proposed 4 statuses of identity: identity diffusion, identity foreclosure, identity moratorium, and identity achievement. Classified based on existence or extent of crisis or commitment. Many follow MAMA cycles switching between moratorium and achievement identity throughout life. The first identity is not usually ever the final product. |
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Term
| How does our ethnicity affect our search for identity? |
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Definition
| Adolescence is first time individuals confront ethnicity. Enduring aspect of self that includes a sense of membership in an ethnic group and attitudes and feelings attached to that membership. Bicultural identity: choice between one's own ethnic group and mainstream dominant culture. For those taught they are better than others this can create prejudiced, biases, and inflated sense of self. |
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Term
| What does the current research reveal about the "adolescent-parent conflict"? |
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Definition
| Increases due to number of factors: biological changes from puberty, cognitive changes in idealism and logic, social changes in independence and identity, changes in expectations of parents and adolescents. Mainly everyday conflicts of family life, these can serve as positive developmental function. Learn to assert independence and begin transition to adulthood. View parents as support systems and attachment figure to relate to their peer connections. Parental conflict declines as adolescence moves closer to adulthood. |
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Term
| How can conformity to peers in adolescence be both positive and negative? |
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Definition
| Peers are important in meeting social needs and increased need for intimacy. If close friendships are not forged an individual can experience loneliness and low self-worth. Peer pressure can cause unsafe acts and habits. More likely to conform if they are uncertain about own identityt. Negative behaviors include: stealing, vandalizing, bullying. Positive: peer activities, club, organizations, sports. |
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Term
| Does American culture have a specific "rite of passage"? |
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Definition
| No, but religious and social groups in the country do. High-school graduation is as close as it gets. |
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Term
| What successful techniques have been employed in prevention/intervention programs for juvenile delinquency? |
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Definition
| Interrelated problems. Common successful components include: individualized attention, community approaches, and early identification and intervention. Attachment to responsible adult important. Provide more services and programs that can be sought out. Early programs before adolescence can also help before problems begin. |
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Term
| What are some of the characteristics of adolescents who have become depressed? What are some factors that are linked with suicide attempts by adolescents? |
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Definition
| Characteristics include: having depressed parents, emotionally unavailable parent, parent marital conflict, financial problems, poor peer relationships, peer rejection, problems in romance. Factors linked with suicide include: long-standing history of family unhappiness and instability, lack of emotional support and affection, high control and pressure from parents. |
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Term
| What are the 5 features of emergent adulthood, according to Jeffery Arnett? |
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Definition
| Identity exploration in love and work, instability, self-focuses, feeling in-between, age of possibilities; a time to change their lives. Optimistic about their future wish to direct lives in positive direction. 5 steps to select vocation: fantasy, tentative, realistic, and crystalization. |
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Term
| What are some of the problems associated with binge drinking among young adults? |
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Definition
| Problems include: missing classes, sustaining physical injuries, experiencing trouble with police, having unprotected sex. Impairment of memory retrival. May engage in pregaming. Binge drinking peaks at 21 to 22 and then declines. |
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Term
| What are some of the beliefs held by those who perform forcible sexual behavior? |
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Definition
| Socilaized to be sexually aggressive, regard women as inferiior beings, view own pleasure as most important. Share characteristics of: aggression and enhanced power or masculinity, angry at women, want to hurt and humiliate victims. Higher level of sexual narcissism. |
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Term
| What is a "bicultural identity" for LGBTQIA individuals? How do these individuals adapt best to life as a minority in a dominant cultural society? |
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Definition
| Bicultural identity is a new way of defining oneself in a society where one does not fit into dominant culture. New identity encompasses two or more different cultures and creates unique identity. Best adaptation occurs when one does not define by relaying on strong polarities and norm and bias. |
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Term
| What are some of the effects on the individual of being sexually harassed? |
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Definition
| Can result in serious psychological consequences for victim: more psychological distress, increased physical illness, disorded eating. If harassment is intrusive enough the victim can feel depression, fear, anxiety, and stress. Victim keeps to themselves because they feel the blame and shame from harassment. Work place hindered. |
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Term
| Define Erikson's developmental issues facing individuals in the early adult years. What is the resultant emotional experience for those who do not achieve a sense of commitment during this stage? |
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Definition
| The sixth stage of development is intimacy versus isolation. Intimacy is finding onself while losing oneself in another. Isolation results if no intimate relationships are formed. Intimacy leads to well-adjusted marriages later. Isolation can harm personality and lead to depression, mistrust, alienation, and loneliness. |
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Term
| What does the research currently suggest about cohabitation and the effects on a subsequent marriage? |
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Definition
| Many couples who cohabit do it as a lifestyle and not a precursor to marriage. Problems with cohabitation include: disapproval, problems owning propoerty, less legal rights in end of relationship. Individuals who seek to use cohabitation as a trial marriage do more well off, these are more serious and invested in the relationship than others. |
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Term
| What factors help marriages succeed? |
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Definition
| Marriages in adulthood rather than adolescence. Have higher SES, education, have a religious affiliation. Cohabitation after marriage as well as having child after marriage. Benefits of a good marriage include: increased life-span, less physical and emotional stress. Unhappy marriages can cause: high blood presure, anxiety, and depression. Characteristics of a stable marriage: 20 to 20, greater communication, cognitive complexity, high self-esteem, good mental health, read each other, agreement on gender roles, matched self-disclosure, consider each other friend, good conflict resolution, rich lives away and together. |
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Term
| What are some of the major factors that contribute to divorce? |
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Definition
| Early marriage, low eduction, low income, no religion, parents who are divorced, baby before marriage. Characteristics of individuals include: alcoholism, psychological problems, domestic violence, infedelity, inadequate division of labor. Peak divorce rate is 5 to 10 years. |
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Term
| What are gender differences with respect to communication styles? |
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Definition
| Women = rapport talk; Men = report talk. Women tend to use more words for discussing people and what they were doing and feelings of others and express doubts. Men use words for external events, objects, and processes. More individual to individual. |
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Term
| What type of adult attachment patterns with partners reflect childhood attachment patterns with parents? |
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Definition
| Cindy Hazen and Philip Shaver noted 3 attachment styles: secure, avoidant, anxious. |
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