Term
| 7 emotions recognized by people everywhere |
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Definition
| sadness, fear, anger, disgust, contempt, happness, and surprise |
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Term
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Definition
| eight basic emotions with more complex emotions as combinations of the basic ones |
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Term
| The biological mechanisms at work behind our emotions: |
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Definition
-Limbic system (fight or flight response) -Reticular formation (constantly scanning environment, always alert for threats, built-in alarm system) -Cerebral Cortex (conscious processing, associates with postive and negative emotions) -Autonomic Nervous System (gets body ready to take care of self in face of the threat) -Hormones (endorphins) |
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Term
Psychological Theories of Emotion: James-Lange Theory |
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Definition
| an emotion-provoking stimulus produces a physical response that, in turn, produces an emotion (emotion happense becuase of physiological response) |
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Term
Psychological Theories of Emotion: Cannon-Bard Theory |
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Definition
| an emotional feeling and an internal physiological response occur at the same time; one is not the cause of the other; both as a result of cognitive appraisal |
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Term
Psychological Theories of Emotion: Schachter-Singer Theory of Emotion |
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Definition
| Two-factor theory: emotion results from the cognitive appraisal of both (1) physical arousal and (2) an explanation for the arousal due to environmentl stimulus |
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Term
Psychological Theories of Emotion: Lazarus Theory of Emotion |
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Definition
| an emotion-provoking stimulus triggers a cognitive appraisal, which is followed by the emotion and the physiological arousal |
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Term
Psychological Theories of Emotion: Facial-Feedback Hypotheses (Sylvan Tomkins) |
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Definition
| claimed that the facial expression itself--that is, the movement of the facial muscles producing the expression--triggers both the physiological arousal and the conscious feeling associated with the emotion |
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Term
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Definition
| individuals who have a biological need for higher levels of stimulation than do other people |
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Term
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Definition
| all processes involved in starting, directing, and maintaining physical and psychological activities |
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Term
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Definition
-Drive (biologically instigated motivation) -Motive (internal mechanism that direct behavior; often used to describe motivations that are learned, rather than biologically based) -Intrinsic motivation (desire to engage in an activity for tis own sake; e.g. hobbies) -Extrinisc motivation (desire to engage in an activity to achieve an external consequence) -Conscious motivation: having the desire to engage in an activity and being aware of the desire -Unconscious motivation (having a desire to engage in an activity but being consciously unaware of the desire) |
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Term
Theories of Motivation: Instinct Theory |
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Definition
view that certain behaviors are determined by innate factors Fixed-action patterns: genetically based behaviors, seen across a species, that can be set off by a specific stimulus |
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Term
Theories of Motivation: Drive Reduction Theory |
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Definition
a theory of motivation suggesting that a need creates an unpleasant state of arousal or tension called a drive, which impels the organism to engage in behavior that will satisfy the need and reduce the tension homeostasis: the body's tendency to maintain a biologically balanced condition |
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Term
Theories of Motivation: Locus of Control |
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Definition
| an individual's sense of where his or her life influences originate--internally ("I am in charge of the outcome of my life") or externally (fate, bad luck, not in my control) |
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Term
Theories of Motivation: Freud |
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Definition
motivation for behaviors is largely unconscious eros: positive motivation thanatos: aggressive motivation |
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Term
Theories of Motivation: Maslow's Humanistic Theory |
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Definition
Hierarchy of needs: the notion that needs occur in priority order, with the biological needs as the most basic Biological => Safety => Attachment => Esteem => Self-Actualization |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which extrinsic rewards can sometimes displace internal motivation, as when a child receives money for playing video games |
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Term
Scientific Study of Sexuality: Kinsey |
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Definition
| Interviewed 17,000 American concerning their sexual behavior |
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Term
Scientific Study of Sexuality: Master and Johnson |
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Definition
| Sexual response cycle: four-stage sequence of arousal, plateau, orgasm, and resolution occurring in both men and women |
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Term
Psychodynamic Theories: Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory: Psychoanalysis |
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Definition
| Freud's system of treatment for mental disorders |
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Term
Psychodynamic Theories: Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory: the Unconscious |
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Definition
| psychic domain of which the individual is not aware, but which is the storehouse of repressed impulses, drives, and conflicts that are unavailable to consciousness |
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Term
Psychodynamic Theories: Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory: Drives and Instincts |
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Definition
Eros: drives people toward acts taht are sexual, life-giving, and creative Libido: drives people to experience sensual pleasure Thanatos: drives people toward aggressive and destructive behaviors |
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Term
Psychodynamic Theories: Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory: Personality Structure |
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Definition
Id: primitive, unconscious portion of personality, houses most basic drives and stores repressed memories Superego: mind's storehouse of values, moral attitudes learned from parents and society, same as common notion of conscience Ego: conscious, rational part of personality, charged with keeping peace between superego and id |
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Term
Psychodynamic Theories: Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory: Psychosexual stages |
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Definition
successive, instinctive patterns of associating pleasure with stimulations of specific bodily areas at different times of life Oral Stage (birth => 1 year) Anal Stage (1 year => 3 years) Phallic Stage (3 years => 6 years) Latency Stage (6 years => puberty) Genital Stage (puberty => on) |
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Term
Psychodynamic Theories: Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory: Fixation |
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Definition
| occurs when psychosexual development is arrested at an immature stage |
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Term
Psychodynamic Theories: Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory: Oedipus Complex |
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Definition
| according to Freud, a largely unconscious process whereby boys displace an erotic attraction toward their mother to females of their own age and, at the same time, identify with their fathers |
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Term
Psychodynamic Theories: Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory: Identification |
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Definition
| the mental process by which an individual tries to become like another person, especially the same-sex parent |
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Term
Psychodynamic Theories: Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory: Penis envy |
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Definition
| according to Freud, the female desire to have a penis--a condition that usually results in their attraction to males |
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Term
Psychodynamic Theories: Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory: Ego Defense Mechanisms |
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Definition
Largely unconscious mental strategies employed to reduce the experiences of conflict or anxiety Repression Projection Reaction Formation Sublimation |
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Term
Psychodynamic Theories: Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory: Projective Tests |
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Definition
Rorschach Inkblot Technique Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) |
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Term
Psychodynamic Theories: Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory: Psychic Determinism |
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Definition
| Freud's assumption that all mental and behavioral reactions are caused by unconscious traumas, desires, or conflicts |
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Term
Psychodynamic Theories: Carl Jung: the Unconscious |
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Definition
Personal Unconscious: portion of the unconscious corresponding roughly to Freud's id Collective Unconscious: Jung's addition to the unconscious, involving a reservoir for instinctive "memories" including the archetypes, which exist in all people |
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Term
Psychodynamic Theories: Carl Jung: Archetypes |
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Definition
Animus: the male archetype (assertiveness, aggressive nature) Anima: the female archetype (caring, nurturing, creativity) Shadow: archetype representing the destructive and aggressive tendencies we don't want to recognize in ourselves (destructive characteristics) |
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Term
Psychodynamic Theories: Carl Jung: Introversion |
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Definition
| the Jungian dimension that focuses on inner experience--one's own thoughts and feelings, making the introvert less outgoing and sociable than the extrovert |
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Term
Psychodynamic Theories: Carl Jung: Extraversion |
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Definition
| the Jungian personality dimension involving turning one's attention outward, toward others |
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Term
Psychodynamic Theories: Karen Horney: Basic Anxiety |
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Definition
| an emotion that gives a sense of uncertainty and loneliness on a hostile world and can lead to maladjustment |
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Term
Psychodynamic Theories: Karen Horney: Neurotic Needs |
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Definition
signs of neurosis these ten needs are normal desires carried to a neurotic extreme |
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Term
Humanistic Theories: Abraham Maslow and the Healthy Personality |
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Definition
| self-actualizing personalities: healthy individuals who have met their basic needs and are free to be creative and fulfill their potentials |
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Term
Humanistic Theories: Carl Roger's Fully Functioning Person |
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Definition
-Fully Functioning Person: term for a self-actualizing individual who has a self-concept that is both positive and congruent wtih reality -Phenomenal field: our psychological reality, composed of one's perceptions and feelings -Unconditional positive regard: love or caring without conditions attached |
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Term
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Definition
| movement within psychology focusing on the desirable aspects of human functioning, as opposed to an emphasis on psychopathology |
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Term
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Definition
| process of learning new responses by watching the behavior of others |
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Term
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Definition
| process in which the person, situation, and environment mutually influence each other |
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Term
| Current Trend in Personality Theory |
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Definition
Family Systems Theory: what role does each person play within the family system Cultural Differences: individualism vs. collectivism Gender Influences: in many situations, men and women perceive things differently |
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Term
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Definition
| basic, pervasive personality dispositions that are apparent in early childhood and establish the tempo and mood of an individual's behaviors |
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Term
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Definition
| stable personality characteristics that are presumed to exist within the individual and guide his or her thoughts and actions under various conditions |
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Term
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Definition
Extraversion Agreeableness Neuroticism Oppenness to experience Conscientiousness |
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Term
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Definition
| expecially important dimensions or clusters of traits that are not only central to a person's personality but are found with essentially the same pattern in many people |
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Term
| Personality-Situation Controversy |
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Definition
theoretical dispute concerning the relative contibution of personality factors and situational factors in controlling behavior sort of like the nature vs. nurture controversy |
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Term
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Definition
| any pattern of emotions, behaviors, or thoughts inappropriate to the situation and leading to personal distress or the inability to achieve important goals |
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Term
Concepts of Psychological Disorder: the Cognitive-Behavioral approach |
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Definition
Behavioral perspective: abnormal behaviors can be acquired through behavioral learning--operant and classical conditioning Cognitive perspective: abnormal behaviors are influenced by mental processes--how people perceive themselves and their relations with others |
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Term
| Indicators of Abnormality |
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Definition
Distress Irrationality Unconventionality and undesirable behavior Maladaptiveness Unpredictability |
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Term
| DSM-IV Classification System |
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Definition
fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders the most widely accepted classification system in the United States |
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Term
Mood Disorders: Major Depression |
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Definition
form of depression that does not alternate with mania risk of suicide with this disorder is a concern causes can be biological, cognitive, environmental Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD): believed to be caused by deprivation of sunlight |
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Term
Mood Disorders: Bipolar Disorder |
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Definition
mental abnormality involving swings of mood from mania to depression Mania: pathologically excessive elation or manic excitement Depression: pathological sadness or despair |
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Term
Anxiety Disorders: Generalized Anxiety Disorder |
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Definition
| characterized by persistent and pervasive feelings of anxiety, without any external cause |
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Term
Anxiety Disorders: Panic Disorder |
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Definition
| marked by panic attacks that have no connection to events in a person's present experience |
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Term
Anxiety Disorders: Agoraphobia |
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Definition
| fear of public places/open spaces |
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Term
Anxiety Disorders: Phobia or Phobic Disorder |
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Definition
| disorder involving a pathological fear of a specific object or situation |
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Term
Anxiety Disorders: Preparedness Hypothesis |
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Definition
| notion that we have an innate tendency to respond quickly and automatically to stimuli that posed a survival threat to our ancestors |
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Term
Anxiety Disorders: Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder |
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Definition
| condition characterized by patterns of persistent, unwanted thoughts and behaviors |
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Term
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Definition
| Unwanted, involuntary movements and twitches, such as exaggerated eye blinks |
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Term
Somatoform Disorders: Definition |
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Definition
| psychological problems appearing in the form of bodily symptoms or physical complaints |
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Term
Somataform Disorders: Conversion Disorder |
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Definition
paralysis, weakness, or loss of sensation, but with no discernable physical cause |
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Term
Somatoform Disorders: Hypochondriasis |
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Definition
| excessive concern about health and disease |
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Term
Dissociative Disorders: definition |
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Definition
| group of pathologies involving "fragmentation" of the personality |
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Term
Dissociative Disorders: Dissociative Amnesia |
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Definition
| a psychologically induced loss of memory for personal information (but still remember how to talk, what language they speak, etc.) |
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Term
Dissociative Disorders: Dissociative Fugue |
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Definition
| dissociative amnesia with the addition of "flight" from one's home, family, and job |
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Term
Dissociative Disorders: Depersonalization Disorder |
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Definition
| abnormality involving the sensation of mind and body having separated |
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Term
Dissociative Disorders: Dissociative Identity Disorder |
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Definition
| Condition in which the individual displays multiple identities (aka split personality disorder) |
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Term
Schizophrenic Disorders: Schizophrenia |
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Definition
| psychotic disorder involving distortions in thoughts, perceptions, and/or emotions |
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Term
Schizophrenic Disorders: Major Types of Schizophrenia: Disorganized |
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Definition
| features incoherent speech, hallucinations, delusions, and bizarre behavior |
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Term
Schizophrenic Disorders: Major Types of Schizophrenia: Catatonic |
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Definition
| involves stupor or extreme excitement |
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Term
Schizophrenic Disorders: Major Types of Schizophrenia: Paranoid |
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Definition
| prominent feature: combination of delusions and hallucinations |
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Term
Schizophrenic Disorders: Major Types of Schizophrenia: Undifferentiated |
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Definition
| persons displaying a combination of symptoms that do not clearly fit in one of the other categories |
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Term
Schizophrenic Disorders: Major Types of Schizophrenia: Residual |
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Definition
| individuals who have had a past episode of schizophrenia but are free of symptoms |
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Term
Schizophrenic Disorders: Major Types of Schizophrenia: Positive |
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Definition
any form in which the person displays active symptoms (e.g. delusions, hallucinations) easier to treat, comes on more quickly, behaviors that can actually be observed |
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Term
Schizophrenic Disorders: Major Types of Schizophrenia: Negative |
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Definition
any form distinguished by deficits, such as withdrawal and poverty of thought processes harder to treat, more chronic, slower onset, lasts longer |
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Term
| Possible Causes of Schizophrenia |
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Definition
evidence for the causes of schizophrenia has been found ina variety of factors including genetics, abnormal brain structure, and biochemistry Diathesis-stress hypothesis: genetic factors place the individual at risk, but environmental stress factors transform this potential into an actual schizophrenic disorder |
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Term
Sexual Dysfunctions: Fetishes |
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Definition
| person needs some object or action to get aroused |
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Term
Sexual Dysfunctions: Transvestitism |
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Definition
| people who get aroused by dressing as the other gender (but they're not transsexuals) |
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Term
Sexual Dysfunctions: Voyeurism |
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Definition
| getting aroused by watching other people (undressing, having sex, etc.) |
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Term
Sexual Dysfunctions: Pedophilia |
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Definition
| aroused by children (child molesters) |
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Term
Sexual Dysfunctions: Gender Identity Disorder |
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Definition
| people who think they were born the wrong gender, want to change gender (transsexuals) |
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Term
Sexual Dysfunctions: Arousal Disorders |
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Definition
| people who have problems getting aroused |
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Term
Personality Disorders: definition |
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Definition
| conditions involving a chronic, pervasive, inflexible, and maladaptive pattern of thinking, emotion, social relationships, or impulse control |
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Term
Personality Disorders: Narcissistic Personality Disorder |
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Definition
| characterized by a grandiose sense of self-importance, a preoccupation with fantasies of success and power, and a need for constant attention |
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Term
Personality Disorders: Antisocial Personality Disorder |
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Definition
| characterized by a long-standing pattern of irresponsible behavior indicating a lack of conscience and a diminished sense of responsibility to others |
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Term
Personality Disorders: Borderline Personality Disorder |
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Definition
| an unstable personality given to impulsive behavior |
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Term
Personality Disorders: Histrionic Personality Disorder |
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Definition
| an obsessive need for attention, flirtatious and seductive in behavior and dress, dramatic and erratic behavior |
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Term
| Adjustment Disorders and Other Conditions |
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Definition
Mild Depression Marital Problems Physical Complaints Academic Problems Parent-Child Problems Job Problems Bereavement Malingering |
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Term
Developmental Disorders: Autism |
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Definition
| a developmental disorder marked by disabilities in language, social interaction, and the ability to understand another person's state of mind |
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Term
Developmental Disorders: Dyslexia |
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Definition
| a reading disability, thought by some experts to involve a brain disorder |
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Term
Developmental Disorders: Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) |
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Definition
| a developmental disability involving short attention span, distractibility, and extreme difficulty in remaining inactive for any period |
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Term
Developmental Disorders: Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) |
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Definition
| developmental disorder characterized by defiance to authority |
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Term
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Definition
| Insanity: a legal term, not a psychological or psychiatric one, referring to a person who is unable, because of a mental disorder or defect, to confirm his or her behavior to the law |
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