Term
| what are the three types of muscle tissue |
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Definition
| skeletal, cardiac, and smooth |
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Term
| what the differences between the three muscle tissues |
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Definition
skeletal muscle- long strands, striated and multi-nucleated (only one that is voluntary)
smooth- non-striated, single nucleus, spindle shaped
cardiac- striated, single nuclei and intercalated discs |
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Term
| what are the functional characteristics of muscle tissue |
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Definition
| excitable, contractile, elastic (recoil think of sub-proteins in I band) & extensible |
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Term
| give the gross anatomy of a single muscle cell to a complete muscle |
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Definition
| a single muscle cell is covered by a sarcolemma, bundles of muscle cells (muscle fibers) called fasicles are covered by perimysium-between each single muscle cell (muscle fiber) is endomysium, fasicular bundles are covered by epimysium which blends with fascia |
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Term
| explain the sliding filament model |
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Definition
| once a stimuli is received, the cross-bridge of the myosin changes to a cocked position, troponin and tropomysoin are moved making actin activated, then in a swimming fashion, myosin extends its cross-bridge to actin, after a single contraction actin is released and the process starts over |
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Term
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Definition
1-action potential arrives at axon terminal of motor neuron
2- action potential opens calcium 2 cation channels and calcium enters axon terminal
3-introduction of calcium causes vesicles of ach to release via exocytosis into synaptic cleft
4-ach travels to post synaptic terminal where is binds to ach receptors
5- binding to the receptors opens channels and allows sodium cations to flow in and potassium cations to flow out
6-depolarization causes an action potential to the sarcolemma of the muscle fiber
7-action potential propagates down the entire muscle fiber
8-action potential in T-tubules activates volt-sensitive receptors to release calcium 2 cations into the cytosol
9-calcium bind to troponin and induce shape change
10- myosin attaches to actin myofilament through hydrolysis of ATP
11- removal of calcium 2 cations after action potential is over
12- actin is blocked again by troponin |
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Term
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Definition
a single motor neuron and all the muscle cells it innervates
axons of motor neurons divide into a number of axon terminals that form many neuromuscular junctions with muscle fibers scattered throughout the body |
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Term
| what are the components of a motor unit |
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Definition
| spinal cord, motor neuron body (located within the spinal cord), nerves, motor neuron axon, axon terminals, neuromuscular junctions, & muscle fibers |
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Term
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Definition
| a twitch is a single muscle fiber contraction or impulse |
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Term
| what are the three periods of a twitch |
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Definition
latent period- time between stimuli and initial contraction
period of contraction- fiber pulls at its attachment
period of relaxation-pulling force declines |
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Term
| what are the three ways that energy is supplied to the skeletal system |
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Definition
| creatine (15s), anaerobic (pyruvic acid can be converted into anaerobic respiration 30-60 seconds) & aerobic (oxygen is last to be reduced, butt loads of ATP, hours) |
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Term
| What affects the force of muscular contraction |
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Definition
| number of active fibers, size of fibers, stimulation frequency & degree of muscle stretch |
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Term
| what affects velocity & duration of muscle contraction |
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Definition
muscle fiber type, load & recruitment
small load- increase of velocity, increase of duration |
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Term
| distinguish fiber diameter, glycogen storage, myoglobin content, rate of fatigue and activites of all three skeletal muscle fibers |
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Definition
slow oxidative- small, low, high (red-pink), fatigue resistant, endurance
fast oxidative- medium, medium, high (red-pink), medium, sprint & walk
fast glycolytic-large, high, low (white), fatigue fast, short-term & powerful |
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Term
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Definition
| two muscles that pull scalp forward and backward |
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Term
| function of orbicularis oculi |
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Definition
| protects the eyes from damage (squinting and blinking) |
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Term
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Definition
| pulls mouth upward (smiling) |
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Term
| function of orbicularis oris |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| draws lips and mouth laterally, compresses cheeks |
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Term
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Definition
| prime mover of mandible elevation |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| function of sternocleidomastoid |
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Definition
| prime mover of head flexion |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| function of splenius capitis & cervicis |
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Definition
| extend or hyperextend the head |
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Term
| function of erector spinae muscles |
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Definition
| prime mover of back extension |
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Term
| function of rectus abdominis |
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Definition
| flex and rotate lumbar region, stabilize pelvis |
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Term
| external & internal obliques |
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Definition
| lateral flexion, helps rectus abdominis & vertebral column flexing |
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Term
| function of transversus abdominis |
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Definition
| compress abdominal contents |
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Term
| function of pectoralis minor |
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Definition
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Term
| function of pectoralis major |
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Definition
| prime mover of arm flexion |
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Term
| function of serratus anterior |
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Definition
| prime mover in protracting and holding scapula against chest wall, important for arm abduction |
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Term
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Definition
| stabilizes, rotates, raises & retracts scapula |
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Term
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Definition
| prime mover of arm abduction |
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Term
| function of latissimus dorsi |
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Definition
| prime mover of arm extension and powerful arm adductor |
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Term
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Definition
| posteromedially extends arms |
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Term
| function of rhomboid major & minor |
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Definition
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Term
| function of rotator cuff muscle |
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Definition
| holds humerus head in glenoid fossa |
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Term
| function of biceps brachii |
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Definition
|
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Term
| function of triceps brachii |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| function of pronator teres |
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Definition
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Term
| function of brachioradialis |
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Definition
| prime mover of forearm flexion |
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Term
| function of flexor carpi radialis & extensor carpi radialis longus |
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Definition
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Term
| function of flexor carpi ulnaris & extensor carpi ulnaris |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| prime mover of finger extension |
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Term
| function of gluteus maximus |
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Definition
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Term
| function of gluteus medius & minumus |
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Definition
| abducts & medially rotates thigh |
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Term
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Definition
| flex thigh, lateral flexion of vertebral column |
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Term
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Definition
| adducts & medially rotates thigh |
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Term
| function of tensor fasciae latae |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| function of adductor longus |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| adducts, & medially rotates thigh |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| flex thigh at hip, stabilize knee |
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Term
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Definition
| flexes knee, extends thigh |
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Term
| function of fibularis longus |
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Definition
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Term
| function of extensor digitorium longus |
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Definition
| foot inversion & flexes toes |
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Term
| function of tibialis anterior |
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Definition
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Term
| function of gastrocnemius |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| CNS-PNS (afferent sensory division & efferent motor division) motor division-(somatic & autonomic system) atonommic system- parasympathetic & sympathetic |
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Term
| what are the four types of neuroglia cells |
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Definition
| astrocytes (most abundant), microglial cells (phagocytic), epndymal cells (circulate cebral fluid), & oligodendrocytes (form myelin sheaths around CNS) |
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Term
| oligodendrocytes form myelin sheaths around |
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Definition
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Term
| Schwaan cells form myelin sheaths around |
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Definition
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Term
| special characteristics of neurons |
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Definition
| extreme longevity, amitotic, & highly metabolic |
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Term
| what direction does a stimulis go through a neuron |
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Definition
| dendrites receive the stimuli, cell body, axon, axon hillock generates impulse, travels down axon by Schwaan cells (covering of Schwaan cells are neurolemma), terminal branches called axon terminals |
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Term
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Definition
| neurolemma is on top, & myelin sheath on bottom-these two things make up a schwaan cell |
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Term
| what are graded potentials |
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Definition
small short llived -involved in depolarization and hyperpolarization
important for initiation of action potentials |
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Term
| what is the major way that neurons send long-distance signals |
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Definition
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Term
| what affects conduction velocity |
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Definition
| axon diameter (larger the diameter, the greater the velocity), unmyelinated fibers are wave-like, myelinated are saltatory (rapid) |
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Term
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Definition
| a graded depolarization that brings neuron closer to threshold in order to generate action potential |
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Term
|
Definition
| postsynaptic membrane are hyperpolarized, driving neurons away from threshold |
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Term
|
Definition
| 2 stimuli separated in time cause EPSPs that do not add together |
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Term
| what is temporal summation |
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Definition
| 2 excitatory stimuli cause EPSPs that add together |
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Term
| what is spatial summation |
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Definition
| 2 simultaneous stimuli at different locations cause EPSPs that add together |
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Term
| spatial summation of EPSPs and IPSPs |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| excitatory and inhibitory |
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Term
| neurotransmitter mechanism of action |
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Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
| functional groups of neurons that integrate incoming information and then transmit the info along |
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Term
| neural processing is serial, how |
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Definition
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