Reactions where things are broken down

Release Energy

Reactions where things are synthesized

Require energy

Measure of disorder or randomness

Unusable energy

Give off energy (both free and unusable) as the reaction occurs

There is a net release of free energy

Takes in free energy and stores it

Makes less free energy available

One reaction gives off energy to fuel another reaction

Is both endergonic and exergonic

• The phosphates have negative charges
• Energy is stored in the bonds that hold the negatively charged phosphates together

When both an oxidation and reduction reaction occur

You can't give off an electron without something taking it

Enzyme that speeds up a reaction

A catalyst is not consumed as part of the reaction

The substrate is what you start with and the product is what you get in a chemical reaction

Substrate --> Product

The direction of the reaction is controlled by the amount of energy

*Proteins have a pH, at which they work best

*Too acidic - hydrogen ions interfere with ionic and hydrogen bonds

*Too basic - hydroxide ions interfere with ionic and hydrogen bonds

*Because cooking is the process of denaturing proteins, you can cook using pH instead of heat

Bind to enzymes and decrease their activity

Inhibit enzymes from working

may block active site

may change shape of active site

Number of steps, each of which is triggered by enzymes

Allows you to control the amount of energy used

Glucose (6 carbon) is broken down into 2 pyruvate (3 carbon)

*Occurs in cytoplasm

*Anaerobic - doesn't need oxygen

*Uses 2 ATP, yields 4 ATP => net production of 2 ATP

*Produces 2 NADH

Longer - Lower Energy

Shorter - More Energy

10^-5nm

Can knock electrons out of their orbitals

Very strong

Chlorophyll A + B

main pigment absorbing light in photosynthesis

Carotenoid

accessory pigment

absorb blue and green, reflect red

Darker colors absorb more, lighter colors reflect more

Particle of light that moves at a particular wavelength and has a certain amount of energy

Has to be just the right color, light, for the electron to absorb the energy and move an orbital

Light energy is captured and is used to convert CO₂ and H₂O into organic molecules such as glucose.  O₂ is released.

6CO₂ + 6H₂O --> C₆H₁₂O₆ +6O₂

1.  Light energy is captured by chlorophyll and is used to excite electrons

2.  The electrons are passed down an electron transport chain and the energy they give off is used to generate an H⁺ gradient.  The energy from the proton gradient is used by ATP synthase to make ATP

3. The electrons are "recharged" by light and are transferred to NADPH to replace the electrons on chlorophyll, water is split into H⁺, e^-, and O₂

take place on thykaloid

Light Independent Reactions 

Calvin Cycle

1. CO₂ is added to a molecule of RuBP by the enzyme rubisco

2. The energy from the ATP and electrons on the NADPH are used to run the cycle

3. The cycle has to take 6CO₂ and use 18 ATP and 12 NADPH to make a glucose molecule