Term
What are:
1. sensory neurons
2. motor neurons
3. interneurons |
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Definition
1.carry info from sensory organs to the central nervous system
2. " " " CNS to muscles
3. " " " one neuron to another |
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Term
Define these parts of neurons:
1. cell body
2. dendrites
3. axons |
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Definition
1. contains the nucleus and machinery
2. (can be many of these) receives signals from other neurons
3. (only one per neuron) transmits signals to other cells |
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Term
| Describe what happens during an action potential |
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Definition
1. Before action potential, Sodium gates are closed, Potassium gates are open, higher concentration of K inside, higher concentration of Sodium outside
2. Na gates open, Na rushes into cell--depolarization to a positive value
3.Na gates close, positive forces inside push K out of the cell
4. active transport of solutes across membrane back to the state in (1) |
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Term
| What is the difference between an excitatory synapse and an inhibitory What is an fMRIsynapse? |
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Definition
| .neurotransmitters of an excitatory synapse open Na channels (help produce an action potential) while those of an inhibitory synapse open K channels (prevent an action potential from occurring) |
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Term
What are
1. grey matter
2. white matter |
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Definition
Grey matter is made up of CNS nuclei-aka, cell bodies
White matter is made up of CNS tracts--a.k.a., clusters of axons |
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Term
| How can observing patients with localized brain damage help to understand the brain? |
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Definition
| If certain abilities are affected in individuals with brain damage at a specific location, and not in normal individuals, that part of the brain probably contributes to that activity |
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Term
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Definition
| TMS-transcranial magnetic stimulation, passes currents into parts of the brain (only works on outermost regions), which causes that section to lose function |
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Term
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Definition
| EEG-ElectroEncephaloGram, is a method for recording electrical activity in the brain |
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Term
what are:
1. a PET
2. an fMRI |
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Definition
--all based on the premise that brain activity is proportional to blood flow--
1. Positron Emission Tomography-radioactive dye are injected into the body. They act as normal molecules that are taken up by tissues, and can then be mapped
2.functional magnetic resonance imaging-magnetic field around head stimulates hemoglobin to discharge radio waves |
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Term
| What are the roles of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the brain? |
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Definition
sympathetic-deals with stress; flight-or-flight
parasympathetic-regenerative, growth-promoting, energy conserving functions, etc. |
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Term
What are:
1. a flexion reflex
2. pattern generators
and how are they related |
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Definition
1. a contraction of a muscle (such as a knee-jerk)
2. a series of muscle movements that result in location-governed by networks of neurons
Both are not directly controlled by the brain-brain only activates or inhibits |
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Term
What are the functions of:
1. brainstem
1a. brainstem animal
2.medulla+pons
3. midbrain
4. thalamus
5. Basal Ganglia
6. cerebellum
7. hypothalamus |
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Definition
1. site at which most cranial nerves enter
1a. an animal that acts only on stimuli, not goal-oriented/no deliberate actions (cat placed on tree will climb up without thinking about it)
2. postural reflexes (balance), vital reflexes (homeomaintenance)
3. species' specific movement
4. thalamus-relays signals to the cerebral cortex
5. feedback-adjusts movement as it progresses
6. feed forward-programs force and timing before each movement
7. homeostatic processes+emotional states |
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Term
| For what are the left and right parts of the brain specialized? |
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Definition
Left: language
Right: nonverbals and spatial information |
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Term
What is
1. aphasia?
2. Broca's?
3. Wernicke's? |
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Definition
1. loss of language ability due to brain damage
2. affected area is just behind left lobe motor area. Afflicted use minimal # of words to convey meaning-nonfluent aphasia
3. difficulty understanding and choosing complex words, but sentence structure is fine-fluent aphasia |
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Term
what is a hormone?
Neurohormones? |
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Definition
Hormone: chemicals secreted into the blood that act on specific tissues and take/act longer than neurotransmitters
Neurohormones: chemicals released from axon terminals during an action potential and travel through capillaries. Used by the brain to control the pituitary gland, which produces many hormones |
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Term
What is the definition of a drug?
What is the blood-brain barrier, and how does it affect drugs |
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Definition
Any chemical produced outside of the body
capillaries near the brain are less permeable to substances like hormones and chemicals (protects the brain from toxins). In general, fat soluble things can pass easily, non-fat not so much |
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