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Definition
| Defenses against infections aquired from birth, such as external defenses (skin, mucus membranes, etc.), phagocytosis, antimicrobial proteins, and inflammatory responses. |
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Definition
| These types of defenses include skin and mucus membranes. The pH levels of these defenses ale acidic, ranging from 3-5 pH, which prevents microbe colonization. Mucus, produced in mucus membranes, is viscous enough to trap microbes and other particles to prevent them from entering the body. Finally, both mucus membranes and skin are able to produce lysozyme, an enzyme which digests cell walls. |
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Definition
| The digestion of invading microorganisms in cells. Only certain types of white blood cells are able to perform phagocytosis. |
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Definition
| The types of white blood cells capable of performing phagocytosis. Only four types of white blood cells are able to perform phagocytosis, but these four make up over half of all white blood cells found in the body. |
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Definition
| Phagocytes that make up 60-70% of our white blood cells. They are attracted to infected tissue, which they then disinfect via phagocytosis. They then self-destruct in the process. |
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Definition
| Large white blood cells involved in phagocytosis. They are typically more effective than Neurophylls, and can travel throughout the body or maintain permanent residence in a certain organ, such as the spleen or lymph nodes. Their name means "big eater". |
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Definition
| A type of white blood cell involved in phagocytosis. They have low phagocytic activity overall but are nonetheless critical to stopping multicellular parasitic invaders. |
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Definition
| A type of white blood cell that is involved in phagocytosis, but whose primary purpose is to stimulate the development of aquired immunity. |
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Definition
| helps or “complements” the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear pathogens from an organism via a series of proteins |
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| Proteins made within host cells to provide innate defense against viral infections. |
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Definition
| The raising of human body temperature in an attempt to kill invading cells |
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| Cells found in connective tissues that release histamine when damaged. They are involved in the inflammatory response. |
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| A chemical released by mast cells that triggers dilation and increased permeability of nearby capillaries. |
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Definition
| Also known as NK Cells, these cells patrol the body and attack virus infected body cells and cancer cells. The NK cell, upon finding one of the above cells, releases chemicals that causes apoptosis in those cells. |
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Definition
| Proteins that help activate lymphocytes and other cells in the immune system. They are secreted by phagocytes. |
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Definition
| A small, accessible portion of an antigen that lymphocytes are able to recognize and bind to. |
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Definition
| A foreign molecule that is specifically recognized by lymphocytes and elicites a response from them. |
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Definition
| A protein produced by B lymphocytes that is used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects such as bacteria and viruses. |
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Definition
| A type of white blood cell that is used in the immune system. There are three types of lymphocytes: NK cells, B cells, and T cells. |
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Definition
Also known as major histocompatibility complex molecules, these molecules mediate interactions of leukocytes, also called white blood cells (WBCs), which are immune cells, with other leukocytes or body cells. They are found on the surface of normal cells.
Each of these molecules has a unique "fingerprint", allowing the body to determine if a cell is self or non-self (produced within the body or outside the body) |
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Definition
| The principal functions of these cells are to make antibodies against antigens, perform the role of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and eventually develop into memory B cells after activation by antigen interaction. |
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Definition
| These cells function similarly to B cells, but perform a role in cell-mediated immunity. |
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Term
| B Cell and T Cell Production |
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Definition
| B cells are produced in the bone marrow of vertebrates, while T cells are produced in the thymus (a gland above the heart). |
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Definition
| Each antigen, by binding to specific receptors, selectively activates a tiny fraction of cellls from the body's lymphocytes; these cells hive rise to thousands of clones whose purpose is to eliminate that antigen. |
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Definition
| The selective differentiation and profliteration of lymphocytes that occur when the body is first exposed to a particular enzyme. It takes about 6 or 7 days to first occur, and 10-17 days to peak. |
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Term
| Secondary Immune Response |
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Definition
| The response this time is of a much greater magnitude than the primary immune response, almost four times as much, and it takes much less time for the production of cells to start and subsequenly peak. That's why if you get the same cold twice the second time around will be much shorter and much more pleasant. |
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Definition
| A type of immunity that involves the activation and clonal selection of B cells, creating antibodies in the blood and lymph nodes. |
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| Cell Mediated Immune Response |
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Definition
| Involved in the activation and clonal selection of T Cells, which directly destroy the invading cell. |
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Definition
| A group of T cells that, unlike traditional T cells, are not directly involved in destroying infected cells. Instead, these cells activate and direct other immune cells. |
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Definition
| A molecule that targets an antigen for an immune response, usually ones that are used as a binding enhancer for phagocytosis. |
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Definition
| Immunity gained by natural, direct exposure to an infectious agent. |
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Definition
| Immunity gained by passing B and T cells from someone who has been exposed to an infectious agent to someone who has not. |
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Term
| Cell Mediated Immune Response |
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Definition
| Involved in the activation and clonal selection of T Cells, which directly destroy the invading cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| A group of T cells that, unlike traditional T cells, are not directly involved in destroying infected cells. Instead, these cells activate and direct other immune cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| A molecule that targets an antigen for an immune response, usually ones that are used as a binding enhancer for phagocytosis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Immunity gained by natural, direct exposure to an infectious agent. |
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Definition
| Immunity gained by passing B and T cells from someone who has been exposed to an infectious agent to someone who has not. |
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Definition
| The act of controlling internal osmolarity by taking in or discharging water. This is done by both freshwater and terrestrial animals. Water is usually lost through urination. |
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Definition
| Animals that cannot tolerate substantial changes in osmolarity. |
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Definition
| Animals that can tolerate substantial changes in osmolarity. |
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Definition
| The measure of solute concentration to solvent concentration. |
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Definition
| Marine invertebrates that are able to maintain their body fluids so that their osmolarity is always equal to the water surrounding them. They decrease the salt that they take in through diffusion. |
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| Methods of obtaining water |
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Definition
| Eating, drinking, and their metabolism |
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Definition
| The series of chemical reactions required for life - see chapter 41 |
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Definition
| Epithelial tissue specialized for transport. Thhey are arranged into tubular networks to increase surface area. |
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Definition
| Wastes containing nitrogen that are excreted by the kidneys. All animals produce this by metabolising proteins and nucleic acids. There are three types: ammonia, urea, and uric acid. |
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Definition
| This type of nitrogen waste is produced by many simple animals. It is highly toxic, but does not require many resources to produce. |
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Definition
| A type of nitrogen waste produced by many mammals, including us. It is much less toxic than Ammonia, but requires more resources to produce (though it is simpler than uric acid). |
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Definition
| A type of nitrogen waste mainly produced by birds. This type of nitrogen waste is much less toxic than ammonia, but is the most complex and requires the most resources to produce. |
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Definition
| A network of dead-end tubules lacking internal openings found in platyhelmenthes used for excretion. This is usually used for osmoregulation; most nitrogenous wastes are excreted through the gastrovascular cavity |
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Definition
| The excretory system used by segmented worms. It typically consists of a ciliated funnel opening into the coelom connected to a duct. |
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Definition
| The excretory system used by insects. It consists of branching tubules extending from the alimentary canal that absorbs solutes, water, and wastes from the surrounding hemolymph. |
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Definition
| The main units of the mammalian excretory system. Its functional units are known as nephrons. |
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Definition
| The functional unit of the kidney. It has multiple sections: the glomerulus, the Bowman's Capsule, the proximal tubule, the loop of Henle, the distal tubule, and the collecting duct. |
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Definition
| The point at which blood enters the nephron. It is a capillary that looks like a ball, hence the name. |
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Definition
| Where the glomerulus is stored |
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Definition
| This is the first point in the nephron which molecules and nutrients leave the bloodstream at the cortex. The blood then proceeds to the loop of Henle |
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Definition
| This has two parts. On decending the loop of Henle, the blood loses water and gains salt |
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Definition
| All of an animal's hormone secreting cells considered together |
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Term
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Definition
| A chemical signal that communicates regulatory messages within the body. |
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Definition
| Nerve cells that release hormones via the circulatory system. These hormones are distinct from the hormones secreted by endocrine glands. |
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Definition
| Hormones with target cells nearby or adjacent to the endocrine gland in question. Examples include neurocommunicators and histamine. |
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Term
| Signal Transduction Pathways |
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Definition
| A series of changes in cellular proteins that converts an extracellular chemical signal to a specific intracellular response. It is activated by binding a hormone to its receptor. |
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Definition
| A hormone with other endocrine glands as its target. |
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Definition
| An endocrine gland that releases hormones that regulate the anterior pituitary gland and stores the hormones of the posterior pituitary gland. |
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Definition
| An organ located at the base of the hypotharamus whose hormonal secretions are stored in or are regulated by the hypothalamus. |
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Definition
| The swelling of human body tissues during menstruation. This causes menstrual cramps in women, and can lead to bleeding and anemia. |
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Definition
| A disease that attacks the Helpet T Cells, preventing the immune system to function properly (if at all). |
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Definition
| A muscular disorder thst causes slowed muscle relaxation after muscle contraction. |
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Definition
| Found in women, this structrure leads to the growth of eggs prior to ovulation. During ovulation, this is shed and its hormones become the corpus luteum. |
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Definition
| A structure that prevents vasocongestion in females, and lowers the chance of a miscarriage from happening. |
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Definition
| The production of an egg. It is similar to the production of sperm, in that both go through meiosis to form haploid cells for sexual reproduction, but where spermatogenesis produces 4 haploid cells, oogenesis only produces one, with two basal bodies also being formed. |
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Definition
| The production of sperm from one diploid cell to 4 haploid sperm cells. |
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Definition
| The hormone that starts spermatogenesis. |
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Definition
| A hormone produced by the fertilized ovum. This is what is tested for i pregnancy tests. |
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Definition
| An organ that connects the fetus to the uterine wall, allowing for the exchange of nutrients and the elimination of wastes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Also known as the physical act of birth,it has three main stages: dilation, expulsion, and the delivery of the afterbirth (placenta). The contractions of the uterus, which are caused by oxytocin and prostaglandins (with estrogen allowing the reception of oxytocin) actually expel the baby. |
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Definition
| The release of milk from the mammary glands of the mother. This release is controlled by oxytocin. |
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Definition
| The organism begins to grow. It doesn't really look like a baby yet, as only the basic shapes of the organs have developed. |
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Definition
| The organs continue to grow and develop, and it actually looks like a baby. The organism is now known as a fetus. |
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Definition
| The fetus is no longer developing organs, and is now merely growing. As the name implies, this is the last stage before birth. |
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