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Chapters 3 and 4
development
88
Psychology
12th Grade
02/11/2013

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

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Term
the process by which children learn the behaviors, attitudes, and expectations required of them by thier society or culture
Definition
socialization
Term
an infant touched on the cheek or corner of the mouth will turn toward the touch and search for something to suck on
Definition
rooting
Term
an infant will suck on anything suckable, such as a nipple or finger
Definition
sucking
Term
an infant can swallow, though this reflex is not yet well coordinating with breathing
Definition
swallowing
Term
in response to a loud noise or a physical shock, an infant will throw its arms outward and arch its back
Definition
moro or "startle"
Term
in response to a touch on the bottom of the foot, the infant will splay its toes outward and then curl them in
Definition
babinski
Term
in response to a touch on the palm of the hand, an infant will grasp
Definition
grasp
Term
if held so that the feet just touch the ground, an infant will show "walking" movements, alternating the feet in steps
Definition
stepping
Term
in primates, the innate pleasure derived from close physical contact; it is the basis of an infant's first attachment
Definition
contact comfort
Term
the distress that most children develop, at about 6 to 8 months of age, when their primary caregivers temporarily leave them with others
Definition
separation anxiety
Term
a child's first word combinations, which omit unnecessary words
Definition
telegraphic speech
Term
according to many psycholinguists, an innate mental module that allows young children to develop language if they are exposed to an adequate sampling of conversation
Definition
language acquisition device
Term
in piaget's thory, the process of absoribing new information into existing cognitive schemas
Definition
assimilation
Term
an integrated mental network of knowledge, beliefs, and expectations concerning a particular category or concept
Definition
cognitive schema
Term
in piaget's theory, the process of modifying existing cognitive schemas in response to experience and new information
Definition
accomodation
Term
the understanding, which develops throughout the first year, that an object continues to exist even when you cannot see it or touch it
Definition
object permanence
Term
seeing the world from only your own point of view; the inability to take another person's perspective
Definition
egocentric thinking
Term
the understanding that the physical properties of objects--such as the number of items in a cluster or the amount of liquid in a glass can remain the same even when their form or appearance changes
Definition
conservation
Term
This stage occurs from age 0-2. Object permanence takes place and the beginning of capacity to use mental images and symbols
Definition
sensorimotor
Term
this stage occurs from age 2-7. Accelerated use of symbols and language occurs
Definition
preoperational
Term
this stage occurs between ages 7 to 12. At this age, there is an understanding of conservation, understanding of identiy, and understanding of serial ordering
Definition
concrete operations
Term
this stage occurs from age 12 to adulthood. there is abstract reasoning and ability to compare and classify ideas
Definition
formal operations
Term
a method of child rearing in which the parent uses punishment and auhtority to correct the child's misbehavior
Definition
power assertion
Term
a method of child rearing in which the parent appeals to the child's own resources, abilities, sense of responsibility, and feelings for others in correcting misbehavior
Definition
induction
Term
the funamental sense of being male or female; it is independent of whether the person comforms to the social and cultural rules of of gender
Definition
gender identity
Term
the process by which children learn the abilities, interests, personality traits, and behaviors associated with being masculine or femine in their culutre
Definition
gender typing
Term
a cognitive schema (mental network) of knowledge, beliefs, metaphors, and expectations about hwat it means to be male or female
Definition
gender schema
Term
erikson's 8 stages: trust vs._____. ; autonomy vs. ____and ____; initiative vs. _____; competence vs. _____; identitity vs. _____; intimacy vs. ____.; generativity vs. _____; ego integrity vs. _____.
Definition
mistrust; shame and doubt; guilt; role confusion; isolation; stagnation; despair
Term
the capacity of deductive reasoning and the ability to use new information to solve problems; it is relatively independent of education and tends to decline in old age
Definition
fluid intelligence
Term
cognitive skills and specific knowledge of information acquired over a lifetime; it is heavily depedent on education and tends to remain stable over the lifetime
Definition
crystallized intelligence
Term
the portion of the nervous system consiting of the brain and spianl cord
Definition
central nervous system
Term
a collection of neurons and supportive tissue running from the base of the brain down the center of the back, protected by a column of bones
Definition
spinal cord
Term
automatic behaviors produced by the spinal cord without brain involvement
Definition
spinal reflexes
Term
all portions of the nervous system outside the brain and spinal cord; it includes sensory and motor nerves
Definition
peripheral nervous system
Term
the subdivision of the peripheral nervous system that connects to sensory receptors and to skeletal muscles; sometimes called the skeletal nervous system
Definition
somatic nervous sytem
Term
the subdivision of the peripheral nervous system that regulates the internal organs and glands
Definition
autonomic nervous system
Term
The peripheral nervous system is divided into: ____and ______.
Definition
somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system
Term
the subdivision of the automic nervous system that mobilizes bodily resources and increases the output of energy during emotion and stress
Definition
sympathetic nervous system
Term
the subdivision of the autonomic nervous system that operates during relaxed states and that conserves energy
Definition
parasympathetic nervous system
Term
The autonomic nervous system is divided into : _____.
Definition
sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system
Term
a cell that conducts electrochemical signals; the basic unit of the nervous system; also called a nerve cell
Definition
neuron
Term
cells that support, nurture, and insulate neurons, remove debris when neurons die, and modify neuronal functioning
Definition
glia
Term
a neurons's branches that receive information from other nuerons and transmit it toward the cell body
Definition
dendrite
Term
the part of the neuron that keeps it alive and determines whether it will fire
Definition
cell body
Term
a neuron's extending fiber that conducts impulses away from the cell body and transmits themto other neurons or to muscle or gland cells
Definition
axon
Term
a fatty insultation that may surround the axon of a neuron
Definition
myelin sheath
Term
a bundle of nerve fibers in the periphral nervous system
Definition
nerve
Term
immature cells that renew themselves and have the potential to develop into mature cells; given encouraging envirionments, these cells coming from early embros can develop into any cell type
Definition
stem cells
Term
the site where transmission of a nerve impusle from one nerve cell to another occurs; it includes the axon terminal, the synaptic cleft, and receptor sites in the membrane of the receving cell
Definition
synapse
Term
a brief change in electrical voltage that occurs when a neuron is stimulated; it serves to produce an electrical impulse
Definition
action potential
Term
a chemical substance that is released by a transmitting neuron at the synapse and that alters the activity of a receving neuron
Definition
neurotransmitter
Term
serotonin, dopamine, acetylcholine, norepinephrine, GABA, and glutamate are all ____.
Definition
neurotransmitters
Term
chemical substances in the nervous system that are similar in structure and acition to opiates; they are involved in pain reduction, pleasure, and memory, and are known techincally as endogenous opiod peptides
Definition
endorphins
Term
chemical substances, secreted by organs called glands, that affect the functioning of other organs
Definition
hormones
Term
internal organs that produce hormones and release them into the bloodstream
Definition
endocrine glands
Term
a hormone secreted by the pineal gland, that involved in the regulation fo dailty biological rythms and promotes sleep
Definition
melatonin
Term
hormones that are produced by the adrenal glands that are involved in emotion and stress
Definition
adrenal hormones
Term
What are the three main sex hormones?
Definition
androgens, estrogen, progesterone
Term
a reccording of nerual activity detected by electrodes
Definition
EEG
Term
a method for analyzing biochemical activity in the brain, using injections of a glucoselike substance contianing a radioactive element
Definition
PET scan
Term
a method for studying body and brain tissue, using magnetic fields and special radio receivers; does not inject chemicals
Definition
MRI
Term
specialization of particular brain areas for particular functions
Definition
localization of function
Term
the part of the brain at the top of the spianl cord, consisting of the medulla and the pons
Definition
brain stem
Term
a structure in the brain stem involved in, among other things, sleeping, waking, and dreaming
Definition
pons
Term
a structure in the brain stem responsible for certain automatic functions, such as breathing, and heart rate
Definition
medulla
Term
a dense network of neurons found in the core of the brain stem; it arouses the cortex and screens incoming information
Definition
reticular activating system
Term
a brain structure that regulates movement and balance, and taht is involved in some kinds of higher cognitive tasks
Definition
cerebellum
Term
a brain structure that relays sensory messages to the cerebral cortex
Definition
thalamus
Term
a brain structure involved in emotions and drives vital to survival, such as fear, hunger, thirst, and reproduction; it regulates the autonomic nervous system
Definition
hypothalamus
Term
a small endocrine gland at the base of the brain that releases many hormones and regulates other endocrine glands
Definition
pituitary gland
Term
a group of brain areas involved in emotional reactions and motivated behavior
Definition
limbic system
Term
a brain structure involved in the arousal and regulation of emotion and the initial emotional response to senesory information
Definition
amygdala
Term
the largest brain structure, consisting of the upper part of the brain; it is in charge of most sensory, motor, and cognitive processes
Definition
cerebrum
Term
the two halves of the cerebrum
Definition
cerebral hemispheres
Term
the bundle of nerve fibers connecting the two cerebral hemispheres
Definition
corpus callosum
Term
specialization of the two cerebral hemisphers for particular operations
Definition
laterlization
Term
a collection of several thin layers of cells covering the the cerebrum; it is largely responsible for higher mental functions
Definition
cerebral cortex
Term
lobes at the lower back part of the brain's cerebral cortex; they contain areas that receive visual information
Definition
occipital lobes
Term
lobes at the top of the brain's cerebral cortex; they contain areas that receive information on pressure , pain touch, and temperature
Definition
parietal lobes
Term
lobes at the sides of the brain's cerebral cortex; they contain areas involved in hearing, memory, perception, emotion, and language comprehension
Definition
temporal lobes
Term
lobes at the front of the brain's cerebral cortex; they contain areas involved in short term memory, higher order thinking, initiative, social judgment, and speech production
Definition
frontal lobes
Term
a brain structure involved in the storage of new information in memory
Definition
hippocampus
Term
pre natal development consists of what three stages?
Definition
germinal, embryonic, fetal
Term
What are the three styles of infant attachment?
Definition
secure, avoidant, and anxious ambivelent
Term
____gilligan and _____kholberg.
Definition
carol and lawrence
Term
breaking away from parents in western cultures is called: ____.
Definition
individuation
Term
transitions may be ____, _____, or ____.
Definition
anticipated, unancticipated, or nonevent
Term
_____have revised our ideas about old age.
Definition
gerentologists
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