Term
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Definition
| Plants evolved from green algae, which explains why they are able to perform photosynthesis. |
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Term
| Alternation of Generations |
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Definition
| All plants have two main phases: the sporophyte phase and the gametophyte phase. More evolved plants will spend the majority of their life in the sporophyte phase. In the sporophyte phase, spores are released, going through mitosis to become a plant in the gametophyte phase. These release gametes, which go through meiosis to form the sporophyte phase. The gametophyte phase is haploid and the sporophyte phase is diploid. |
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Term
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Definition
| Also known as mosses, these are the simplest form of plants, only containing two things that seperate them from green mosses: apical meristems and alternation of generations. These plants are not particularly tall, but cover a large amount of surface area on the ground. The dominant generation is gametophyte |
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Term
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Definition
| The next step in plant evolution after bryophytes, these plants have, as the name implies, vascular tissue. This allows the plant to transport needed molecules throughout the plant. Vascular plants include bryophyta, also known as mosses. The dominant phase is the sporophyte phase. |
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Term
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Definition
| Xylem and Phloem, which help the plant transport nutrients. See the cards for more details. |
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Term
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Definition
| Transports water and other nutrients from the roots of the plant to the leaves. Unlike phloem, xylem transports only one way. |
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Term
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Definition
| This vascular tissue transports sugars produced from photosynthesis in leaves throughout the plant. Phloem can be transported in any direction, unlike xylem |
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Term
| 5 shared characteristics of all land plants |
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Definition
Apical Meristems
Alternation of Generations
Walles spores produced in sporangia
Multicellular Gametangia
Multicellular Dependent Embryos |
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Term
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Definition
| An area of rapid growth on the plant, where the plant undergoes rapid mitosis. On the top, it's known as the apical meristem; on the bottom (roots), it's known as the ground meristem. |
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Term
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Definition
| The outer covering of a tree. Its main function is to support the tree and prevent it from becoming infected. This is why, prior to being cut down, a ring of bark is removed; it allows the tree to becoe infected and hence becomes easier to cut down. |
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Term
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Definition
| Plants that can produce seeds. The two main divisions of heterosporous plants are gymnosperms (naked seed plants) and angiosperms (covered seed plants). |
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Term
| Reproduction in Heterosporous Plants |
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Definition
| Unlike non-heterosporous plants, the spores of these plants have a defined gender: megaspores (the egg) and microspores (the sperm).The microspore merges with the megaspore, thus fertilizing it. The newly-produced seed has a food supply, a diploid embryo, and a seed coat (in angiosperms). |
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Term
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Definition
| The transfer of pollen (microsperms) to the part of the plant containing the ovule (megaspore). |
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Term
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Definition
| Also known as "naked seed" trees, these trees are mostly pine trees. The main distinction between these plants and angiosperms is that the seeds of angiosperms have an outer covering. |
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Term
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Definition
| The organ of the plant found underground. Its main purpose is to obtain water and other nutrients from the soil. |
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Term
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Definition
| The plant organ found growung from the roots. Its main purpose is to support the plant and to promote upward growth via the apical meirstem. |
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Term
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Definition
| The organ of the plant growing off the stem. Its main purpose is to perform photosynthesis to provide sugars which flow via phloem throughout the plant. |
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Term
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Definition
| The tissue in plants that leads to the development of Parenchyma, Collenchyma, and Sclerenchyma. |
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Term
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Definition
| The epidermis of the plant, which supports the plant. This will later be replaced with the stronger periderm. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cells with thin cell walls, whose main purpose is for photosynthesis and storage. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cells with thick cell walls, whose main purpose is for support and growth. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cells with very thick walls, whose only purpose is for support. In fact, these cell walls are so thick that these cells are dead by the time the plant has matured. |
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Term
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Definition
| Secondary meristems, so named because they are involved in lateral growth. |
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Term
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Definition
| The meristem that produces the periderm, which replaces the epidermis |
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Term
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Definition
| The meristem that produces vascular tissue (xylem and phloem). |
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Term
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Definition
| The openings on the bottom of leaves that allows water to flow out of the leaf. As the water flows out, more water flows in from the xylem, which cools off the leaf and allows the leaf to perform photosynthesis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cells that close the stoma when the leaf is lacking water (flaccid). The stoma are open when the leaf is not lacking water (turgid). |
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Term
| Differences of monocots and eudicots |
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Definition
Monocots:
Parallel Veins
Multiples of three blades on flower
Net/Fiborous Roots
One Cotyledon
Eudicots:
Branching Veins
Multiples of four or five blades on flower
Taproot
Two Cotyledon |
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Term
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Definition
| As the name implies, this is the upper section of the leaf. This is more protective than the lower epidermis. |
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Term
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Definition
| As the name implies, this is the lower section of the leaf. This is where the stoma are found, and therefore is less hard than the upper epidermis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Several layers of narrow parenchyma cells found at the axis of the leaf. It is here where the majority of photosynthesis takes place. |
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Term
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Definition
| A series of irregularly shaped parenchyma cells. Photosynthesis occurs here as well, but not to the same degree as palisade mesophyll. |
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Term
| Active and passive transport |
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Definition
Passive transport:
The transport of molecules across a protein in and out of cells moved by the concentration gradient.
Active Transport:
The transport of molecules through a protein in and out of a cell against a concentration gradient. ATP is required. |
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Term
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Definition
| The transport of two molecules at once through a protein in and out of a cell. Example of plants: hydrogen and sucrose across a cell |
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Term
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Definition
| A protein that is capable of transporting molecules across a cellular membrane. |
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Term
| Osmosis and Water Potential |
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Definition
Osmosis: The movement of water from an area of higher water concentration to an area of lower water concentration.
Water Potential: A measurement of the potential of osmosis, defined as Solute potential + Pressure Potential |
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Term
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Definition
| Proteins found in the cellular membrane that regulate the flow of water. They increase the rate of osmosis across membranes. |
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Term
| Three forms of molecular movement between plant cells |
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Definition
Symplast: through the cytoplasm and plasmodesmata (connective tissues between plant cells) of the cells.
Apoplast: Through the cell walls of the plant cells.
Transmembrane: Across both the cell walls and the cytoplasm of the cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| A mutualistic relationship between plants and fungi. The fungi help to greatly increase the surface area of the plant roots, allowing the plant to absorb more nutrients, and in exchange, the plant sends sugars to the fungi |
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Term
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Definition
| Water enters the plant through the roots. The water travels through the roots until it reaches the casparian strip, at which point it enters the xylem. The xylem travels via negative pressure, from a place of higher pressure (the ground) to a place of lower pressure (the leaf). To prevent the the xylem from falling back down due to gravity, the xylem forms a long, unbroken chain to reach the leaf. Once it reaches the leaf, the water enters the leaf and the xylem re-enters the roots. Remember: water can only flow in one direction, since its main movement is due to pressure. |
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Term
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Definition
| Unlike Xylem, Phloem can move both up and down the stem of the plant, but not both at once (that is, sap cannot move at a whim: it generally switches directions around springtime). The sugar sap moves from the source cell into the sieve tube, which is made of phloem. Once it does so, water enters from the xylem via osmosis and the sugar travels to a sink cell, or a cell lacking sucrose, where it is stored until needed. It enters via a cotransporter along with hydrogen, and upon doing so, the water then flows back into the xylem. |
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Term
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Definition
| Vascular tissue found in the leaf of a plant. |
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Term
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Definition
| Like C4 plants, these plants have adaptations to conserve water. These plants only open their stomata at night, and change CO2 into organic acids which are released during the day. |
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Term
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Definition
| 6CO2+6H20 yields, with light energy, C6H1206+6O2 |
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Term
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Definition
| The four main molecules plants need to survive. These are Carbon, Hudrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen. Other nutrients are used as well; these are known as micronutrients. |
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Term
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Definition
| Plants that grow on another plant. the epiphyte is kept safe, and the plant on which it is growing is not affected. This is an example of commensalism |
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Term
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Definition
| These plants gain nutrients by taking them directly from other plants: miseltoe, for example. |
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Term
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Definition
| Plants that obtain their required nitrogen by trapping insects and breaking them down. |
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Term
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Definition
| The pumping out of hydrogen ions by the plant for calcium, potassium, and hydrogen ions, all of which are needed by the plant. |
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Term
| The Nitrogen Cycle and Plants |
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Definition
| Atmospheric nitrogen is converted into N2 by nitrogen-fixing bacteria. N2 is then converted into Nitrous Oxide by nitrifying bacteria, which can be ued by the plant. |
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Term
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Definition
| A specific form of angiosperm that has four main organs: the carpel (the female sex organs; the stigma, style and ovary), the stamen (the male sex organs; the anther and the filament), the petals, and the sepals. Both the sepal and the petals are sterile and involved in photosynthesis, put the sepals are more leaflike in appearance. |
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Term
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Definition
| Pollen is released from the pollen sac found in the anther. The pollen then enters the stigma of the carpel, either transported by the wind or by insects like bees who attach themselves to flowers. The pollen then germinates, and travels down the pollen tube in the style, until it reaches the ovary. The pollen enters the ovule, and then the embryo sac. The pollen fertilizes the egg, and then fertilizes the polar nuclei, which combines to form a food supply for the fertilized embryo. |
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Term
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Definition
| The malen reproductive portion an angiosperm. It is composed of an anter, which produces and subsequently releases unfertilized pollen, and the filament, which keeps the anter in place. |
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Term
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Definition
| The two polar nuclei are fertilized by the sperm and fuse to form a triploid food supply. |
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Term
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Definition
| The thing that forms from the ovary. It is generally edible, which helps with seed dispersal, because an organism will eat it and then excrete the seeds farther away from the flower. |
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Term
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Definition
| The point at which a seed matures and can no longer grow. Dormancy must be broken to continue plant development, which is done when the plant recieves water, is in the correct temperature, and has enough lighting. Sometimes, the seed coat must be nicked to grow. This is known as abrasion. |
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Term
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Definition
| The beginning of growth in plant seeds. This requires an uptake in water. |
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Term
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Definition
| The first organ to emerge from germinated seeds. |
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Term
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Definition
| The organ monocots use to break ground after germination. |
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Term
| How Angiosperms prevent self-pollenation |
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Definition
Some plants only produce pollen or eggs, not both
The stigma releases a sticky substance that helps the pollen to reach the the style and germinate, at a different time as the release of their own pollen.
Receptors on the stigma look for markers on the pollen. If the markers match with the receptors, the carpel "shuts down", preventing sperm from entering. |
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Term
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Definition
| A plant hormopne that causes seed dormancy, as well as tolerance for drought. |
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Term
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Definition
| A plant hormone primarily involved in the ripening of fruits, as well as apoptosis (progremmed cell death) |
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Term
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Definition
| A hormone that works as a sex hormone in a similar manner as animals, it is also involved in cell elongation and growth. |
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Term
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Definition
| These hormones stimulate cell division (cytokinesis), and are found en masse in meristems. |
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Term
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Definition
| The use of the terminal bud of a meristem to prevent the growth of auxillary buds. This is caused by auxin, cytokinins, and other factors. |
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Term
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Definition
| A hormone that is involved in detecting red light. When they detect red light, they change their shape. Their main kinase activity is for seed germination and control of flowering. |
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Term
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Definition
| In some plants, if the plant reaches an obstacle, it will curve around it. Ethylene is involved in this. |
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Term
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Definition
The plant's response to stimuli. Phototropism is response to light, gravitropism is response to gravity,
and thigmotropism is response to touch. |
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Term
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Definition
| Hormones involved in stem elongation, seed germination, and fruit growth. It also stimulates the growth of leaves and stems, and helps to break seed dormancy and helps germination. |
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Term
| Plant defenses against herbivores |
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Definition
| Spikes, poisons, distasteful compounds, and the use of chemicals to attract predators which will kill the animal eating the plant. |
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