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Chapters 2&4
na
36
Microbiology
Undergraduate 1
02/11/2012

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Term
ionic bond
Definition
attractions between ions of opposite charge, one atom loses electrons and another gains electrons
Term
covalent bond
Definition
forms when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons
Term
hydrogen bond
Definition
form when a hydrogen atom is covalently bonded to an O or an N atom in another molecule
Term
inorganic molecule
Definition
lack carbon
Term
organic molecule
Definition
always contain carbon and hydrogen
Term
polar molecule
Definition
positive on one side and negative on the other, asymmetrical
Term
non-polar molecule
Definition
symmetrical, charges cancel each other
Term
acid
Definition
substance that dissociates into one or more H+
Term
base
Definition
substance that dissociates into one or more OH-
Term
salt
Definition
substance that dissociates into cations and anions, neither which is H+ or OH-
Term
pH
Definition
level of acidity or base between 1 - 14
Term
macromolecule
Definition
polymers consisting of repeating molecules
Term
monomer
Definition
the smaller molecules that make up polymers, join by dehydration synthesis or condensation reactions
Term
polymer
Definition
made up of monomers
Term
dehydration synthesis
Definition
condensation reaction in which monomers join together into polymers while losing water molecules. This joining together by removing water, process is carried out by losing (-OH) from one of the monomers and (H) from another monomer
Term
hydrolysis reactions
Definition
process in which water is used to split a substance into smaller particles, split by adding water
Term
isomers
Definition
One of several compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and therefore different properties
Term
hydrophobic
Definition
does not combine with water
Term
hydrophillic
Definition
combines with water
Term
monosaccharide
Definition
simple sugars with 3 - 7 carbon atoms
Term
disaccharide
Definition
formed when two monosaccharides are joined in a dehydration synthesis, can be broken by hydrolysis
Term
oligosaccharide
Definition
consist of 2 - 20 monosacchrides
Term
polysaccharide
Definition
consist of tens or hundreds monosacchrides joined by dehydration synthesis
Term
glycerol
Definition
spine that fatty acids connect to
Term
saturated fatty acids
Definition
have no double bonds between the individual carbon atoms of the fatty acid chain
Term
unsaturated fatty acids
Definition
there is at least one double bond within the fatty acid chain
Term
phopholipid
Definition
lipid made up of glycerol joined to two fatty acids and a phosphate group
Term
steroids
Definition
contains four rings of carbon atoms
Term
polypeptides
Definition
A polymer (chain) of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.
Term
peptide bonds
Definition
between two amino acids and formed by dehydration synthesis
Term
conjugated proteins
Definition
protein that functions in interaction with other chemical groups attached by covalent bonds or by weak interactions
Term
protein denaturing
Definition
proteins or nucleic acids lose the tertiary structure and secondary structure which is present in their native state, by application of some external stress or compound such as a strong acid or base, a concentrated inorganic salt, an organic solvent (e.g., alcohol or chloroform), or heat
Term
primary structure
Definition
polypeptide chain
Term
secondary structure
Definition
occurs when the amino acid folds and coils in a regular helix or pleats
Term
tertiary structure
Definition
occurs when the helix folds irregularly, forming disulfide bonds, hydrogen bonds, and ionic bonds between amino acids in the chain
Term
quaternary structure
Definition
consists of two or more polypeptides
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