Term
|
Definition
| The period from 1700 to the late 1800s. The Enlightenment brought with it the idea that people could use their own reason, knowledge, and intellect instead of relying on superstition or the authority of the church and government. Hope was reflected in the belief that people had the ability to use their own rationality to improve themselves and their world. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| : As defined by Snyder, goal-directed thinking in which a person has the perceived capacity to find routes to desired goals (pathway thinking) and the requisite motivations to use those routes (agency thinking). Sydner believes that hope is not genetically based but an entirely learned and deliberate way of thinking. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Part of the age of enlightenment; the movement of production from home and workshop to factory, which resulted in increased material benefits for the individual and greater mobility due to the invention of the steamboat, locomotive, and airplane. The industrial revolution made the hope of the renaissance (prosperity and happiness in the here and now) possible for most people. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The period from 500 to 1500 AD; sometimes called the Dark Ages. Social, physical, and intellectual mobility and various forms of oppression mark this period of time. Hope was tied to prosperity and happiness in the afterlife. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The period from 1450 to approx. 1600, which produced many changes in the customs that dominated Europe. During this people, people analyzed the past to move forward and advance the future. Hope was now tied to prosperity and happiness in the here and now. Hopeful thoughts were accompanied by motivation for action in this life instead of preparation for the afterlife. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The envisioning of the possibility for change without the pathway for action; a passive desire. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A philosophical and religious system developed by Lao-Tzu which advocates a simple, honest life and noninterference in the course of natural events. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A state in which the self is freed from desire. This is the final destination in the Buddhist philosophy. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A cultural value that emphasizes individual achievement, competition, personal freedom, and autonomy. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A diverse body of religion, philosophy, and cultural practice native to and predominant in India. Hinduism is characterized by a belief in the interconnectedness of all things and emphasizes personal improvement with the goal of transcending the cycle of reincarnation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A State of consensus or balance. Eastern traditions view harmony as essential to happiness. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A human’s capacity to transcend desire and suffering and to see things clearly for what they are. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A philosophical and religious system developed from the teachings of Confucius. Confucianism values love for humanity, duty, etiquette and truthfulness. Devotion to family, including ancestors, is also emphasized. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An aspect of humanity that involves looking outside oneself and thinking about others as we care for and identify with them. In positive psychology, compassion requires (a) that the difficulty of the recipient be serious; (b) that the recipient’s difficulties are not self-inflicted; and (c) that we, as observers, are able to identify with the recipient’s suffering. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A cultural value that prizes the concepts of sharing, cooperation, interdependence, and duty to group. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A philosophical and religious system based on the teachings of Buddha: Life is dominated by suffering caused by desire: suffering ends when we end desire; and enlightenment obtained through right conduct, wisdom, and meditation releases one from desire, suffering, and rebirth. |
|
|
