Term
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Definition
| An enlarged vessel composed of a combination of cardiac veins and arteries that empties blood into the right atrium. |
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Term
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Definition
-oval door
-connects the two atria and allows blood entering the right heart to bypass the pulmonary circuit and the collapsed, nonfunctional fetal lungs |
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Term
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Definition
-exists between the pulmonary trunk and the aorta
-these shut shortly after birth, completing the separation of right and left sides of heart |
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Term
| A typical ECG has three distinguishable waves or deflections known as? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
P - P wave - lasts about .08s and results from movement of the depolarization wave from the SA node through the atria
QRS - QRS complex - results from ventricular depolarization and precedes ventricular contraction
T wave - caused by ventricular repolarization and typically lasts about 0.16s. More spread out and has a lower amplitude than QRS wave |
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Term
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Definition
-CO
-the amount of blood pumped out by EACH ventricle in 1 minute.
- CO = HR X SV |
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Term
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Definition
1) Pericardium - double walled sac that encloses the heart (innermost)
2)Fibrous Pericardium - loosely fitting superficial part of sac, tough dense connective tissue; 1) protects the heart, 2) anchors it to surrounding structures, 3) prevents overfilling of the heart with blood (middle)
3)Serous Pericardium - thin, slippery, two-layer serous membrane (after fp)
4) Parietal Layer - lines the internal surface of the FP
5) Visceral Layer/Epicardium - intergral part of the heart wall (external surface of the heart)
6) Pericardial Cavity - slitlike cavity that contains a film of serous fluid located between parietal and visceral layers |
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Term
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Definition
1)Epicardium/visceral layer (outermost)
2) Myocardium - middle layer
3) Endocardium (inside the heart) |
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Term
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Definition
AV Valves
-Tricuspid Valve
-Mitral Valve
Semilunar Valves
-aortic
-pulmonary |
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Term
| Atrioventricular Valves (AV) |
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Definition
Tricuspid Valve
-right AV valve
-3 flexible cusps
Mitral Valve
-left AV valve
-(bicuspid valve)
-has two flaps |
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Term
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Definition
-Aortic and Pulmonary
-prevent back flow into associated ventricles
-each SL valve is fashioned from 3 pocketlike cusps
-shaped like a crescent moon |
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Term
| All valves open and close in response to what? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-attaches to each AV valve flap
-tiny white collagen cords
-anchor the cuspids to the PAPILLARY MUSCLES protruding from ventricular walls |
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Term
| End Diastolic Volume (EDV) |
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Definition
| -the amount of blood that collects in a ventricle during diastole |
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Term
| End Systolic Volume (ESV) |
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Definition
| -the volume of blood remaining in a ventricle AFTER it has contracted |
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Term
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Definition
-little ear
-small, wrinkled, protruding appendages
-increase the atrial volume somewhat |
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Term
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Definition
-receiving chambers for blood returning to the heart from the circulation
-small, thin-walled chambers |
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Term
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Definition
-about the size of a fist
-hollow and cone shaped and is about 250-350 grams less than a pound
-Base is the top part and points toward right shoulder
-Apex is bottom part and points toward left hip
-enclosed within the mediastynum (medial cavity of the thorax) |
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Term
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Definition
-an abnormally fast heart rate
-more than 100 bpm
-may result from elevated body temp, stress, certain drugs, or heart disease |
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Term
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Definition
-abnormally slow heart rate
-slower than 60 bpm
-may result from low body temp, certain drugs, or parasympathetic nervous activation |
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Term
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Definition
-mark the internal walls of the ventricular chambers
-irregular ridges of muscle |
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Term
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Definition
-cone-like
-play a role in valve function
-project into the ventricular cavity |
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Term
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Definition
-right side of the heart
-serves as gas exchange
-blood vessels that carry blood to and from lungs |
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Term
| Pulmonary Circuit Pump (Pathway) |
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Definition
-Blood returning from body is oxygen poor and carbon dioxide rich
1)enters the right atrium and passes into the 20right ventricle, which pumps it to the lungs via the 3) pulmonary trunk. Restores oxygen in lungs and then returns via the pulmonary veins back to the left side of the heart |
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Term
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Definition
-left side of the heart
-blood vessels that carry the functional blood supply to and from all body tissues |
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Term
| Systemic Circuit Pump (Pathway) |
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Definition
| -Blood leaving lungs returns to the 1)left atrium and passes into the 2)left ventricle which pumps into the 3)aorta. Blood goes from aorta to smaller systemic arteries to the body tissues. Then returns through systemic veins to the right side of the heart where it enters the 4)right atrium through the 5)superior venae cavae. |
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Term
| How much blood is pumped to the pulmonary and systemic circuits at any moment? |
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Definition
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Term
| Left Ventricle VS Right Ventricle |
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Definition
LEFT
-long pathway thru entire body
-encounters about 5x as much friction
-walls are 3x as thick as those of right v
-cavity is nearly circular
-can generate much more pressure than the right and is a far more powerful pump
RIGHT
-short, low-pressure circulation
-flattened into crescent shape |
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Term
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Definition
| -junctions among the coronary arterial branches |
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Term
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Definition
| -thoracic pain caused by a fleeting deficiency in blood delivery to the myocardium |
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Term
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Definition
-heart attack
-from coronary blockage |
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Term
| Danger of Oxygen Depravity |
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Definition
| -inadequate blood supply to the myocardium is lack of oxygen and causes severe damage to cardiac muscle and can lead to heart attack |
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Term
| Impulse/Electric/Conduction Pathway |
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Definition
1)Sinoatrial Node
-generates impulses 75 times a minute
-pacemaker for the heart
-fastest depolarization rate
2)Atrioventricular Node
-conducts more slowly than other parts
3)Atrioventricular Bundle
*Bundle of His*
-the only electrical junction between atria and ventricles
4)Right and Left Bundle Branches
-two pathways that split from the AV bundle
5)Purkinje Fibers
-complete the pathway through the interventricular septum
-more elaborate on left side of heart b/c the L side is so much larger |
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Term
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Definition
| -any damage to the AV node that interferes with the ability of the ventricles to receive pacing impulses |
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Term
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Definition
-associated with closing of heat valves
FIRST SOUND
-occurs as AV valve closes
-louder, longer, and more resonant than second
SECOND SOUND
-occurs as SL valves snap shut at beginning of ventricular relaxation (diastole)
-short, sharp sound |
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Term
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Definition
SYSTOLE
-period of contraction
DIASTOLE
-period of relaxation |
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Term
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Definition
| -volume of blood pumped out by one ventricle with each beat |
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Term
| Norepinephrine on Heart Beat |
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Definition
-emotional or physical stressors cause sympathetic nerve fibers to release norenephrine to bind to receptors in the heart and the threshold is reached more quickly
-result, pacemaker fires more rapidly and heart responds by beating faster |
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Term
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Definition
-Foramen Ovale turns into Fossa Ovalis in an adult
-Ductus Arterioso turns into Ligamentum Arteriosum
-Ductus Venosus bypasses liver in fetus |
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Term
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Definition
| -carry blood AWAY from the heart |
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Term
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Definition
| -Carry blood TOWARD the heart |
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Term
| Structure of Blood Vessel Walls |
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Definition
TUNICA INTIMA
-innermost tunic
-in intimate contact with the blood in the lumen
-contains the endothelium
TUNICA MEDIA
-middle tunic
-smooth muscle cells and sheets of elastin
-critical in regulating circulatory dynamics b/c small changes in vessel diameter greatly influence blood flow and blood pressure
TUNICA EXTERNA
-outermost layer of a BV wall
-composed largely of loosely woven collagen fibers
-protect and reinforce the vessel
-anchor vessel to surrounding structures |
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Term
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Definition
-control blood going through capillaries
-resistance vessels
-when A's constrict, tissues served are largely bypassed
-when A's dilate, blood flow into the local capillaries increases dramatically |
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Term
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Definition
-the smallest blood vessels
-role of exchange of materials (gases nutrients, hormones, etc) between the blood and the interstitial fluid |
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Term
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Definition
CONTINUOUS CAPILLARIES
-least permeable
-most common
-abundant in the skin and muscles
FENESTRATED CAPILLARIES
-fenestrated means pore
-increased permeability
-occurs in special locations (kidney, small intestine, etc)
SINUSOIDAL CAPILLARIES
-most permeable
-found only in the liver, bone marrow, spleen, and adrenal medula
-allows large molecules and even blood cells to pass between blood and surrounding tissues |
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Term
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Definition
-called CAPACITANCE VESSELS and BLOOD RESERVOIRS
-up to 65% of the body's blood supply is found in the veins at any time |
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Term
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Definition
-valves that prevent blood from flowing backwards
-most abundant in the veins of the limbs, where the upward flow of blood is opposed by gravity |
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Term
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Definition
| -the volume of blood flowing through a vessel, an organ, or the entire circulation in a given period (ml/min) |
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Term
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Definition
| -the force per unit area exerted on a vessel wall by the contained blood (mm Hg) |
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Term
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Definition
| -opposition to flow and is a measure of the amount of friction blood encounters as it passes through the vessels |
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Term
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Definition
VISCOSITY
-the internal resistance to flow that exists in all fluids
-thickness or "stickiness" of a fluid
BV LENGTH
-the longer the vessel, the greater the resistance
BV DIAMETER
-fluid close to the wall of a tube or channel is slowed by friction as it passes along the wall, whereas fluid in the center of the tube flows more freely and faster |
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Term
| Blood Flow along a Pressure Gradient |
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Definition
| -blood always flows from areas of higher pressure to areas of lower pressure |
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Term
| 3 Ways Arterial Blood Pressure Increases |
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Definition
1)When there is an increase in stroke volume
2)when there is an increase in heart rate
3)when there is a rising of the blood volume |
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Term
| 2 Factors of Why Low Capillary Blood Pressure is Desirable |
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Definition
1)Capillaries are fragile and high pressures would rupture them
2) Most capillaries are extremely permeable and thus even the low capillary pressure forces solute-containing fluids (filtrate out of the bloodstream into the interstitial space |
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Term
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Definition
-first most important adaptation in venous return
-Created by pressure changes that occur in the ventral body cavity during breathing that helps to move blood up toward the heart |
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Term
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Definition
-2nd most important adaptation in venous return
-"Milks" blood toward the heart as the skeletal muscles surrounding the deep veins contract and relax, and once blood passes each successive valve, it cannot flow back |
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Term
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Definition
-3rd adaptation of venous return
-layer of smooth muscle around the veins that constricts, increasing venous return |
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Term
| What regulates blood pressure? |
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Definition
-cardiac output
-peripheral resistance
-blood volume |
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Term
| Short-Term Mechanisms: Hormonal Controls |
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Definition
ADRENAL MEDULLA HORMONES
-releases norepinephrine and epinephrine to the blood
ANGIOTENSIN II
-stimulates intense vasoconstriction, promoting a rapid rise in systemic blood pressure
-also stimulates release of aldosterone and ADH
ATRIAL NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE
-causes blood volume and blood pressure to decline
ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE
-stimulates the kidneys to conserve water |
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Term
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Definition
-promotes an increase in blood pressure b/c it increases blood volume
-hormone that enhances renal reabsorption of sodium |
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Term
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Definition
-low blood pressure
-systolic pressure below 100 mm Hg |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-heredity (runs in families)
-diet (high intakes of salt)
-obesity
-age
-diabetes mellitus
-stress
-smoking |
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Term
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Definition
| -blood flow through body tissues |
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Term
| Tissue Perfusion is involved in: |
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Definition
1)delivery of oxygen and nutrients to, and removal of wastes from, tissue cells
2)gas exchange in the lungs
3) absorption of nutrients from the digestive tract
4)urine formation in the kidneys |
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Term
| Skeletal Muscles and Exercise |
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Definition
| -blood flow to skeletal muscles can increase tenfold or more during physical activity; they become ENGORGED w/ blood during exercise |
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Term
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Definition
*blood flow to skin increases as environmental temp rises
-BF 1)supplies nutrients to cells, 2) aids in body temperature regulation, 3) provides a blood resevoir |
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Term
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Definition
-the force exerted by a fluid pressing against a wall
-same as capillary blood pressure |
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Term
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Definition
-the force opposing hydrostatic pressure
-created by the presence in a fluid of large nondiffusible molecules, such as plasma proteins that are unable to cross capillary wall |
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Term
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Definition
1) divides to form the right and left pulmonary arteries
2) in lungs the PA's divide into the lobar arteries
3)formation of pulmonary capillaries
4)capillary beds drain into venules, which join to form the two pulmonary veins exiting from each lung |
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Term
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Definition
| -carries nutrient-rich blood from the digestive organs to the liver, where it can be "treated" before it reaches the rest of the body |
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