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| The advocacy of a stateless society achieved by revolutionary mean. Feared for their views, anarchists became the scapegoats(took the blame) of the 1886 bombings in Chicago's Haymarket Bombing. (p. 532) |
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| Skilled tradesmen who work with their hands,such as carpenters, railroad workers, and industrial factory workers; the nickname came from the blue work shirts that many such men wore on the job. (p. 536) |
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| A list of people to be excluded from an activity of organization. In the 19th century, employers complied lists of workers affiliated with unions and either fired them or refused to hire them. In the 1950's, Governments and private businesses blacklisted alleged communists, denying them positions in the government, motion pictures, and many industries and unions.(p.550) |
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| A system of economic production based on the private ownership of property and contractual exchange for profit of goods, labor, and money (capital). Although some elements of capitalism existed int he US before 1820, a full scale capital economy and society emerged only with the market revolution (1820-1850)after the civil war, American capitalism changed in character, as large corporations came to dominate sectors of the economy and the state and federal governments increasingly sought to sought to regulate business activity (p554) |
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| A workplace in which a job seeker had to be a union member to gain employment. 19th century craft unions favored closed ships to keep out incompetent and lower wage workers and to enhance their bargaining position with employers. For that reason employers strongly opposed closed shops and sought laws to prohibit them. (p554) |
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| Organizations, through which a group of customers, working together out of common interest, sought to purchase products at wholesale rates, passing on the savings to their members. In the 1880s, rual organizations like the farmers alliance created co ops to obtain loans and purchase farm equipment and an array of consumer products, from cloth and shoes, to insurance policies. (p553) |
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| A method employed by companies to raise marker share and gain control over prices, by absorbing rival firms. Horizontal Integration could be a cooperative process, in which several companies banded together out of common interest. In could also be accomplished through hostile takeovers, when a powerful company pressured or forced competitors to surrender their independence and be absorbed into the structure of the dominant firm. (p533) |
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| A system of factory production that often combines sophisticated machinery, a disiplined labor force, and assembly lines to turn out vast quantities of identical goods at low cost. Most important, perhaps, mass production deskills labor in order to reduce costs. Rather then a single skilled craftsmen producing a product, many lower paid, less skilled workers carry out small distinct tasks in the production process.(541) |
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| Unskilled labor, in sewing or other assembly work, for wage. A pieceworker might, for example, sew buttons on a mens coat, and receive a small payment for each coat she completed. Piecework has frequently been done by women, for very low pay and often at home. (p 540) |
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| The argument that real economic wealth is created by people who make their livings by physical labor. and that merchants,lawyers, bankers, and other middlemen unfairly gain their wealth from such "producers". In the late 19th century, producerism was a popular ideology among farmers, skilled trades men, and factory workers.(p551) |
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| A System of organizing work devloped by Frederick W Taylor in the late 19th century, designed to both get maximum productivity from the individual worker and to reduce the production costs, using methods such as time and motion study The system was never applied in its totality in any industry, but it contributed to the rise of the "efficiency expert" as well as the field of industrial psychology. (p541) |
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| Temporarily setting the price of a product below the cost of producing it,and accepting the resulting loss of profit, in order to undercut competitors and drive them out of business. Large corporations, which sold their goods all over the US and sometimes abroad, could afford to use PP in local markets against smaller rivals. After driving them out of business in a particular market, the corporations could raise their prices to a profitable level. (p533) |
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| Organizations of skilled workers, usually limited to men in a specialized field of employment(such as bricklayers, carpenters) Trade unions tended to exclude women, and to emphasize direct negotiation with employers rather then broad based political action. (p549) |
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| Middle class professionals who are salaried workers, as opposed to business owners or wage laborers; They first appeared in large numbers during the industrial expansion of the late 19th century. White collar workers include lawyers, engineers, chemists, salespeople, etc. (p 536) |
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| A method employed by companies to control the cost of production, by gaining ownership of all parts of the manufacturing process, from raw materials through transportation and marketing. A steel company might for example, seek to purchase coal and iron mines, and railroad lines that ran between these mines and factories. A beer manufacturer might seek to own or license a nationwide network of saloons or pubs that sold exclusively its beer. (p531) |
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| The science if human breeding, grounded in the social Darwinist idea that the progress of human evolution is hampered when "unfit" people are permitted to reproduce. Eugenicists lobbied for the forced sterilization of the mental defectives, including the mentally retarded. Influenced by contemporary racial and ethnic prejudices, they worked practically to sterilize unfit people of color, and to restrict immigration from Asia and Eastern and southern Europe. Arguing they new immigrants would wreck the racial purity of the Americans descended from western Europe. (p579) |
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| Advocates of women's rights adopted this term in the 1910's to describe their belief that women should be equal to men in all areas of life. Earlier women activists and suffragists had accepted the notion of separate spheres for men and women, but feminists sought to overcome all barriers to equality and personal development. (p576) |
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| Of or pertaining to very recent events, rather then the distant past. Though historians describe aspects of many historical periods as "Modern", in general they describe modern life as characterized by rapid change, particularly in response to industrialization. Under these circumstances, people found it difficult tor undesirable to live as their parents and grandparents did and to maintain traditional assumptions and beliefs. Willingly or not, they responded radically ti the new conditions by changing their ways of life. (p560) |
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| A broad set of literary and artistic movements, extending through first half of the 20th century, in which writers, artists rejected traditional rules and conventions and sought new ways to represent reality. The earliest use of the term, By Cuban writer Ruben Dario, appears to date from the 1890s. Modernists often sought to turn the 19th century cultural conventions upside down, for example, by critiquing the idea of European and American civilization and progress and by celebrating artistic forms that had earlier been scorned as "primitive". (p582) |
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| A justification of women's activism in politics and public life, based on the argument that women, as mothers or potential mothers, have special talents and sympathies. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, when few Americans believed in women's full equality, maternalism was a particularly effective way to defend their political activism. (p572) |
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| An Evangelical protestant religious movement based on rejections of some tenets of modern science and defense of the literal truth of the bible. Fundamentalists opposed modernist protestants, who tried to reconcile Christianity with Darwins thoery of natural selection and other scientific discoveries. Fundamentalists promotion of anti evolution laws for public schools led to the famous Scopes trail of 1925. In recent decades, fundamentalists have organized to support laws that would ban abortion and gay marriage. (p586) |
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| A literary movement that arose around 1900 in the US, influenced by scientific and sociological arguments and described humans "struggle with nature" and the "survival of the fittest". American naturalist fiction writers such as Theodore Dreiser and Stephen Crane depicted their characters as driven by the powerful unconscious desires, as all as by economic and environmental forces beyond their control. Naturalists writers sought to depict their characters inner psychological states and some defied prevailing conventions by writing frankly about sexual desire. Naturalism helped give rise to Modernism in lit and is itself sometimes viewed as a modernist form.(p582) |
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| The idea proposed by Charles Darwin, that random genetic mutations occur in animal and plants species, some of which are adaptive and can therefore result in higher survival rates, thus causing species to change (or evolve) over time. For example, in a period of plant scarcity, a longer-necked giraffe has an advantage because is can browse higher branches, and would be more likely to survive and reproduce over many other generations of the same conditions, a longer necked giraffe species would result. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, many Americans accepted Darwin's theory of evolution but rejected natural selection as its mechanism, seeing the process as cruel and incompatible with the idea of a benevolent creator. (p579) |
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